The play An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, but the play was set in 1912 Essay Example For Students

The play An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, but the play was set in 1912 Essay The play An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, but the play was set in 1912. After living through two world wars, Priestley writes this play trying to get across his point that unless the world becomes socialist there will be another World War. By setting the play earlier than it was written Priestley has to ignore all the events that have happened in the time between 1912 and 1945, for example, The Titanic and World War 1 and World War 11. Priestley portrays this by using irony in the form of Mr Birling talking about Titanic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ she sails next week à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" forty six thousand eight hundred tons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" New York in five days à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and every luxury à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable. This is irony because Birling is talking about the Titanic being unsinkable but now we know that she sank and therefore birling did not know the truth at that time. This is why Priestley set the play in 1912 but wrote it in 1945. We will write a custom essay on The play An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, but the play was set in 1912 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the Theatre Production, when the curtains open you are shown the family and Gerald all sitting around a large dining table talking happily, with their maid clearing the table. All of them are highly dressed with the men in tails and white ties. At first you cannot hear what the family are saying, but you can make out a few words or lines. Priestley does this to make you want to hear more, he is inviting you into their world. He makes the few words or lines you can hear interesting so you want to hear more. The stage details Priestley give help to set the scene of the book, and in the BBC production and in the theatre production he uses visual aids to help. He describes the type of house and furniture to show the time in which the play was set and what type of family the Birlings are. In the theatre production we are shown a big Victorian style house and when it opens we see old wooden Victorian furniture and the family in their finery. This shows the time in which the play was set, as their clothes would have dated back to the time. All five are in evening dress of the period, the men in tails and white ties, not dinner jackets. We get the picture of an Edwardian family celebrating. The stage directions tell us, The general effect is substantial and heavily comfortable, but not cosy and homelike. As the whole play takes place in the dining room, Priestly is constantly changing the occupants of the room, which makes us keep focused so we can see what is going on between whom. Sometimes just one person goes out, which doesnt have too much effect on what happens, but a few times at least half of the family leaves, e. . Sheila and Mrs Birling go to the drawing room then Sheila comes back, but in the meantime the Inspector has arrived. I think leaving the set in one room keeps your attention more focused on the characters rather than the set. By changing the characters in the room it makes the play more interesting and produces change. If all the characters stayed in the room all the time it would get very boring as there wouldnt be any variation. By sending people out it makes it easier because most of the time the people left in the room are the people who are being interrogated, e. g. hen the inspector arrives the people in the dining room were Mr Birling, Gerald and Eric and Mr Birling was questioned first. At the beginning of the play Mr Birling comes across as a typical business and family man, he makes a lot of big speeches and believes in the tradition of the man being the head of the family. In his speeches he gives advice to Sheila and Gerald, talks about the war and the Titanic. This is when the irony occurs, because Mr Birling is trying to look cleverer than the rest of the family. He talks about the Titanic being unsinkable, but we now know she sank. Mrs Birling is a higher class than Mr Birling and she sometimes lets it show: Birling: Well, well à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is very nice. Very nice. Good dinner too, Sybil. Tell cook from me. Mrs B. : Arthur, youre not supposed to say such things.. She believes in the different classes not mixing, the high class and the working class. J. B Priestley describes her in the stage directions as a rather cold woman and her husbands social superior. Mrs Birling doesnt let things get to her. She doesnt like showing her emotions, this shows the period of the play. When she is talking to Sheila about Gerald she brings up the fact that women dont work à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" When youre married youll realise that men with important work to do sometimes have to spend nearly all their time and energy on their business. Youll have to get used to that, just as I had. When the family are celebrating Sheila and Geralds engagement and they propose a toast to them, Eric mentions Sheilas temper. All the best! Shes got a nasty temper sometimes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but shes not bad really. This is the only time her temper is mentioned up until the Inspector is interrogating her. It is used as a link so that we can relate back to the beginning of the play, and understand her linking to the death of Eva Smith. Inspector: And why did you do that? Sheila: Because I was in a furious temper. Throughout the play Sheila can be very short, when talking to someone as though to say she wanted to end that conversation now! At the beginning of the play Eric comes across as a very young, immature person and being a bit tipsy and then when he suddenly laughs for no reason when everyone is talking Sheila says he is squiffy. Eric: I dont know really. .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc , .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .postImageUrl , .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc , .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:hover , .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:visited , .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:active { border:0!important; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:active , .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a81e4b0ca5fcb3fe5c3110d814cdbdc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In most plays, two characters move the play from b EssaySuddenly I just felt I had to laugh. Sheila: Youre squiffy This is a clue linking to Erics involvement with Eva Smith, as later on he forces himself into her house, while under the influence of alcohol. When the doorbell rings and its the Inspector, Mr Birling is mid-way through telling Eric and Gerald about how a man has to make his own way, has to look after himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and his family too of course. This makes the arrival of the inspector both important and dramatically effective. It also links to the title of the play and so therefore he must be a key character. In the speech Priestly puts forward his views on socialism through Mr Birling when he says But the way some of these cranks talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if we were all mixed up together like bees in a hive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" community and all that. Mr Birling is talking as a middle class working man and this shows the social and historic setting of the period. Priestly had strong socialist views he had lived through two world wars and believed that if nothing was done about the countrys views on socialism and capitalism there would be another world war. These views are portrayed by Birlings speeches about how a man has to look after himself. Priestly created Birling as a capitalist to get across his point that capitalism is bad. Birling would rather be proud and look after himself and his family well, instead of looking after everyone else. Before the Inspector arrives Mr Birling, Eric and Gerald are talking quite a lot, with some long speeches by Mr Birling. This gives a relaxing effect, as you are hearing about a normal family carrying out a normal life, and nothing out of the ordinary has happened. However when the doorbell rings the relaxed atmosphere is moved aside and is replaced by curiosity. As the sharp ring of the doorbell cuts through Mr Birlings voice he stops to listen. This almost makes the audience stop and listen as well and arouses their curiosity. The ring at the door is not mentioned until Edna the maid enters the dining roomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Please Sir, an Inspectors called. The delay between this and the Inspectors entrance causes tension because although Birling says it is probably about a warrant, the audience wants to find out for themselves what the Inspector wants. Also before the doorbell goes Mr Birling is talking about how a man has to look after himself, then when we discover that a Police Inspector is at the door it creates a feeling of tension as it is going back on what Mr Birling said. Priestley, in his stage directions says, The Inspector need not be a big man but he creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. He is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plainish dark suit of the period. He speaks carefully, weightily, and has a disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking. The Inspector shows his authority as soon as he enters the room, and flattens the idea of his coming about a warrant. In a whodunit the Inspector is one of the most interesting characters because he is the bringer of bad news, he creates the tension and excitement in the play. The Inspector brings out the side of people you never knew existed, and shocks you with facts you never would have found out or thought about. As soon as the Inspector arrives he tells the family what he has come about, Two hours ago a young woman died in the Infirmary, this gives the impression that the Inspector knows a lot that the family and audience dont. This is also apparent as he questions the rest of the family during Act 1. When the Inspector is talking to Birling, Birling doesnt show much emotion towards the Inspectors questions, Yes, yes, horrid business. But I dont understand why you should come here Inspector. Birling seems more interested in what the Inspector wants with him than what happened to the girl. At first when the Inspector mentions Eva Smith Birling doesnt remember, when he does however he doesnt feel guilty about sacking her, This girl Eva Smith was one of them. Shed had a lot to say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" far too much à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" so she had to go. He does not believe his involvement with Eva had anything to do with her death. This causes tension and excitement because the audience want to find out how Birling sacking her linked in with her death. There is also tension between Birling and the Inspector because the Inspector wants Birling to admit he is in the wrong, as he knows he is but Birling wont. Sheila and Eric dont agree that their father should have fired Eva Smith, the audience may feel the same way which could cause tension and excitement because they want to find out what happened next. Sheila seems scared of the fact that she might have something to do with the death of Eva Smith. This causes a different feeling in the audience towards her and they may feel more sorry for Sheila than for Mr Birling as he didnt show any emotions. This helps the play to be more dramatically effective because the characters react in different ways. Before the Inspector speaks to a character he tends to look at them for a while as though to intimidate them slightly. .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 , .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .postImageUrl , .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 , .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:hover , .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:visited , .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:active { border:0!important; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:active , .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06 .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0562c5da361053dc7a9032895a80b06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medieval Literature, i.e., Anglo-Saxon Poetry, English Drama with Morality Plays EssayWhen the Inspector shows Mr Birling the photo of the girl he stands between Birling and Gerald and Eric to block their path, neither of them try to push past but Gerald seems to question his authority, Any particular reason why I shouldnt see this girls photograph, Inspector? As the Inspector is already above Gerald he merely says There might be. To this Eric and Mr Birling both start to ask questions but the Inspector is not intimidated and gets straight to the point of questioning Mr Birling. Before he starts however he looks at Mr Birling until he returns his gaze. Through this the Inspector is showing his authority over Birling. This gives the play a dramatic feeling as Mr Birling had been in the position of power at the head of the family until the Inspector arrived. When the Inspector brings up Sheilas story there is a lot of build up and a slight role reversal as it is Sheila asking the questions rather than the Inspector. When the Inspector showed Sheila what appeared to be the same photograph as the one shown to Birling, She looks at it closely, recognises it with a little cry, gives a half-stifled sob, and then runs out. This is a very dramatic moment and creates a feeling of tension, as the audience does not fully understand the reason she did it. Sheila and Mr Birlings reactions were very different and as more people are put under pressure the tension and anger mounts. There is an increasing form of conflict between the characters, as Sheila and Eric dont agree with the way Birling treated Eva. As the characters stress levels go up and they start to get worried they start taking it out on each other. After the Inspector has questioned Sheila he doesnt move directly to ask Gerald questions, he says something which he knows will have an effect on Gerald, So first she changed her name to Daisy Renton. This seems to shock Gerald but he doesnt want to let it show. Instead he asks Sheila if he can have a drink. When the Inspector leaves and its just Sheila and Gerald left it causes tension between the two as Sheila had picked up on the way Gerald had reacted when the Inspector said Daisys name. At first Gerald tries to pretend nothing happened, Why shouldnt I have known her? Oh dont be stupid. We havent much time. You gave yourself away as soon as he mentioned her other name. We almost feel angry towards Gerald and sympathetic towards Sheila. There is a lot of tension between Sheila and Gerald as Sheila wants to find out whats been going on but Gerald isnt willing to admit. At the end of the act Gerald wants to keep what he has admitted to Sheila a secret from the Inspector, but Sheila puts down that idea, Why you fool à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" he knows, of course he knows. And I hate to think how much he knows that we dont know yet. Youll see, youll see. This causes a lot of tension because the audience want to know what happens next. Then when the Inspector comes in and says, Well? We know what Sheila was saying was true and this gives the play a dramatic twist for the end of the act. As the play uses the three unities, time, place and action, this makes the end of the act a lot more dramatically effective and as the whole play takes place in the dining room this helps you to focus on what is happening and it makes the play easier to understand. The end of the act ends on a tense note, which makes it very dramatically effective, as you want to find out what happens in the beginning of the next act. This is similar to the way television programmes end on an exciting note to make you watch the next episode. The National Theatre Production of An Inspector Calls is as dramatic as Priestley intended. When the curtains open you see an old style, large house, which is presumably the Birlings. The house is the largest thing on the stage, which shows its importance. Then the house opens and you can see inside where you see the family around the table talking. While you can hear Mr Birling talking from inside the house, a man appears on the side of the stage who appears to be the Inspector. He creates an eerie tension, as his presence is not known to the Birling family and he makes no noise, he merely stands and watches the house. The arrival of the Inspector and the use of stage help to make the start of the play dramatically effective. I thought the play An Inspector Calls was very well written and I enjoyed reading it. The first act was very good at setting the scene for the rest of the play and this made it very effective and useful. Priestley put across his views on capitalism and socialism through the form of Mr Birling and I thought this was a very good way of putting them across. The family help to show what life was like in 1912 and how family life and life in general have changed, the clothes they wear, the way they speak, what they find acceptable are all different to the way we perceive things today. The social and historical context of the play is different to how we see society today. The social ideas are not so relevant to society today; we are now socialists so Priestleys points got across. I thought the play was very good and exciting to watch and read with surprises along the way to keep you interested.

Sample Critical Approach Essay - 3 Reasons To Take A Sample Prep Course

Sample Critical Approach Essay - 3 Reasons To Take A Sample Prep CourseFor students who have a tough time writing a critical approach essay, a sample FFTCE critical approach essay can help. This particular curriculum is not an easy one to do, but it is a lot of fun if you know what you are doing. This specific curriculum will be taking about four hours to complete, and there are many benefits of this specific curriculum that make it worth it for some students.This curriculum is very focused on getting students to gather and present objective information. It is actually the theory alone that is used for this specific curriculum. Students will need to do some reading about planning for the future in a world that has become so globalized. The students are going to be able to create a timeline of some kind for the course as well.Students will also need to look at some trends that have come into play in their lives. Many students don't realize that some trends are changing, and that some trends aren't even going to last. There are some students who might be feeling like their life is just passing them by, and there isn't much they can do about it. They need to do something about it though, and that is where the FFTCE critical approach essay comes in.The students are going to be using some writing samples from people that are not themselves, but they are already living the situations. These are ones that are on the surface level to get students to see what they are doing right now and to help students start on their own thinking processes. This is just a quick look at some of the benefits of this specific curriculum, and then the students will be able to look at how they might want to start their own plan for the future.The students are going to be able to review what they learned from the history of the world, and the many different things that have come into play in the history of the world. Some of these include past societies, and how people have done in those so cieties.This is going to be a very useful piece of critical approach essay for students to take, because it provides them with some very valuable information. Students will also be able to see the levels of success in their life, and see why they are in the situations they are in, and why it is that they are feeling the way they are feeling. The students will also be able to see if they are on the right track and where they want to go, and where they want to end up.The whole system works because it is completely engaging, and students will be able to find out things they weren't able to when they were first entering high school. That is what makes this curriculum really fun, and it is one of the better ones out there.

The War against Terrorism Essays

The War against Terrorism Essays The War against Terrorism Essay The War against Terrorism Essay Samuel Huntington1 has been warning against a clash of civilisations for more than a decade and now there seems to have been one, seen most influentially with the twin towers attacks and the London bombings. There has been a knee jerk reaction to attacks such as these by western countries, for example the USA Patriot Act in America. The Patriot Act remains highly disputed2, but America was unified behind their president at the time of proposal and anything he could be seen to do to stop terrorism was embraced. A similar view was taken in the UK and the Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was enacted.This act takes a great deal from civil liberties and freedoms, and allows powers contrary to article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998. A quote taken from the liberty website states that Anti Terrorism measures have done little to ensure that Britain is safe and secure from terrorist attack, but much to infringe the civil liberties of those living in the UK3 and I think this view would be the consensus of the common man if he were told of the possibilities this act permits, for example Lord Hoffman tells us that any man could be detained on the basis of some heated remarks overheard in a pub.The Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 allows the authorities to effect actions that are contrary to the United Kingdoms fundamental beliefs and values. Although the UK does not have a written constitution, it is understood that liberty and freedom of expression are essential elements of a democratic people; the Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 allows a suspected terrorist to be detained indefinitely or placed under house arrest without explaining why or allowing them to contact anyone.It is important to note that the Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act was held incompliant with the provisions of Articles 5 and 14 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 as it discriminated against non nationals5. The Home Secretary attacked the decision of the courts and the decision was overruled as it was decided the home secretary was in a better position to decide matters of national security. These actions could undermine the independence of the judiciary. Mr.John Wadham of Liberty stated that the Government can only get away with it [The Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001] because theyre using it against foreigners6 I tend to agree with this measure especially when taking into consideration a statement made by CERD7 on 8 March 2002 measures taken in the struggle against terrorism (should) not discriminate in purpose or effect on grounds of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. The measures taken by the UK clearly do, and the next point exemplifies this.I bring to your attention the recent shooting of suspected terrorist Jean Charles de Menezes, a foreign man currently in the UK. Lethal force was authorised against any suspected terrorists, which not only resulted in the death of a man innocent of these charges, is in direct conflict with Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights which seeks to protect the lives of everyone; violence should be a last resort, not an option quickly jumped to, and a polic y which allows an innocent man to be shot in the head eight times is one which needs some rethinking.People in London will now not only be scared of terrorist actions, but of the police who now have the permission and means to shoot them if they are suspected as terrorists. The principle of habeas corpus8 is also under threat by The Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. Although the home office denies it9, the Act clearly conflicts with this treasured part of English law. Although we are presented with the challenge of fighting those who have no respect for our values, we must remain true to those values otherwise there will be nothing left to protect.Lord Hoffman declares in A and Others (2004) that it is for Parliament to decide whether to give the terrorists such a victory, and by giving powers such as these given under the Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 parliament are doing this. Instead of trying to find the reasons behind terrorism, the government is trying its hardest to stop it. The best method of preventing terrorism would be to first understand why we are the victims of terrorism. Could the source of terrorist attacks be the unfounded, highly controversial war in Iraq?The UK had to derogate in relation to the Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. The general rule is that where a State decides there is a need for derogation, the courts must not only be convinced of the need for derogation, but also that the derogation was proportionate to the need by not eliminating more individual rights than necessary. In removing the right to freedom by increasing pre trial detention indefinitely it could be said that parliament have acted incompatibly with Human Rights Act 1998 and have reacted too strongly to the terrorist actions, removing more rights than necessary.AV Dicey pronounces that individual rights are the basis not the result of the law of the constitution10 Parliament must deem it necessary to restrict the rights of the few people that are subject to these new powers to protect the rights of the many; specifically, the right to live, and live in peace. I am not saying that we should not question the decisions of parliament as unequivocal and absolute law, however the rights of the citizens of the UK does seem to be what parliament is trying to protect, and we cannot fault them for that.What we can fault them for however, is the rushed implementation of laws which undermine our democratic state by allowing such harsh treatment of suspected terrorists. Although I agree that potential threats should be eliminated, there must be a more civilised way of doing this. At present suspects are not only not told the reason they are being detained, their whole life is under threat; their bank account, job, family and even their home is controlled by the authorities.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in German

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in German When you look at a verb entry in a German-English dictionary, you will always find either a v.t. or v.i. written after the verb. These letters stand for a transitive verb (v.t.) and an intransitive verb (v.i.) and its important that you do not ignore those letters. They  indicate how you can use the verb properly when speaking and writing in German. Transitive (v.t.) Verbs The majority of German verbs are transitive. These types of verbs will always take the accusative case when used in a sentence. This means that the verb needs to be complemented with an object in order to make sense. Du magst ihn.  (You like him.) The sentence would sound incomplete if you said only: Du magst. (You like.) Transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. The exceptions are  haben (to have), besitzen (to possess), kennen (to know), and wissen (to know). Transitive verbs  are used in the perfect and past perfect tenses (as an active voice) with the helping verb haben. Ich habe ein Geschenk gekauft. (I bought a present.) The nature and meaning of some transitive verbs require that they are complemented with a double accusative in a sentence. These verbs are abfragen (to interrogate), abhà ¶ren (to listen to), kosten (to cost money/something), lehren (to teach), and  nennen (to name). Sie lehrte ihn die Grammatik. (She taught him grammar.) Intransitive (v.i.) Verbs Intransitive verbs are used with less frequency in German, but it is still important to understand them. These types of verbs do not take a direct object and will always take the dative or genitive case when used in a sentence. Sie hilft ihm. (She is helping him.) Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice. The exception to this rule is when youre using the pronoun  es  in select  circumstances. Es wurde gesungen. (There was singing.) Intransitive verbs that express an action or a change of state will be used in the perfect and past perfect tenses, as well as  futur II with the verb sein. Among these verbs are  gehen  (to go), fallen  (to fall), laufen  (to run, walk), schwimmen (to swim), sinken (to sink), and springen (to jump). Wir sind schnell gelaufen. (We walked fast.) All other intransitive verbs will use haben  as the helping verb. These verbs include  arbeiten (to work), gehorchen (to obey), schauen (to see, look), and warten (to wait).   Er hat mir gehorcht. (He listened to me.) Some Verbs Can Be Both Many verbs can also be both transitive and intransitive. Which you use will depend on the context as we can see in these examples of verb fahren  (to drive): Ich habe das Auto gefahren. (Transitiv) (I drove the car.)Heute morgen bin ich durch die Gegend gefahren. (Intransitiv) I drove through the neighborhood today. To determine whether you are using the transitive or the intransitive form, remember to associate the transitive with a direct object. Are you doing something to something? This will also help you identify those verbs that can be both.

GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP Essay - 1

GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP - Essay Example Firms are essentially focussing on improving their management practises in an attempt to improve their business processes. The competitive value framework is a model that essentially helps business organizations to generate competitive advantage by enhancing the value proposition of the organization. The model named as one of the most essential and effective business models was proposed by Quinn & Rorhbaugh in 1983 (Competing Values Company, n.d., p.1). Figure 1: Competitive Values Framework According to Koontz & Weihrich (2006) management is defined as â€Å"the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims† (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006, p.5). ... Internal factors largely include the internal strengths, weakness and opportunities of an organization and are largely associated with the operational and process management practices. External factors on the other hand include the political, legal, economic and sociological factors and help generate an impact for the organization. Relational perspectives include the interpersonal elements of inter group relationships while the empirical elements includes the internal business processes for collection and integration of information handling and management. Political and relational elements denote flexibility and stability while the rational and empirical elements ensure control and stability in a business organization (Schuman, 2010). The combined effect of all the above elements or factors determines the nature of effectiveness of the business strategies adopted by the organizations. Each element represents a set of core values of the firm that are largely distinct from the rest of the others. They show the extent to which an organization tries to be flexible and adoptable to the business environment while maintain an internal stability in the organization. The importance of this model in the present day business environment of turbulence can be easily noted from the fact that it largely helps in displaying the pros and cons, the opposing as well as supporting elements of the business strategies and the nature of alternatives before an organization that can largely help in maintaining profitability and adaptability while maintain an overall stability in the business processes and the organization (Cameron, 2009, p.2-3). Application Organisation Name and Challenge The organization selected for the present study is

Marketing Research Gilligans Backpacker Hotel Paper

Marketing Gilligans Backpacker Hotel - Research Paper Example Marketing refers to any process aimed at developing and implementing plans to anticipate, identify and satisfy the customer demands with the chief aim maximizing profit margins of an organization or business. Marketing research forms the arsenal of market analysis. This entails identifying the customer’s requirements, planning an appropriate marketing mix culminating into a good entry into the market. Gilligan’s Backpacker Hotel is located in Australia. The hotel that operates the entertainment industry provides attraction to visitors from all over the world (global and local). Its strategic location makes it accessible by the visitors. This hotel is the leading youth hotel resort in Australia. There are not many aged individuals above the age of 55 years that frequent the place as there are the youths. The services are amazing including accommodation, fully conditioned hotel rooms with ensuite, and the traditional backpacker, from where it draws its name. Additional se rvices include free Wi-Fi, stunning Lagoon swimming pools, free transport from the airport, and free line provision among others (Ooi & Laing 2010). Entertainment facilities in the place include open deck bars, supporting events, plasma television, and outdoor pub screens (Crea, 2013). With all this in place the hotel is frequented by youths and adults aged below 55 years.As previously stated in the introduction, the gap that exists in Gilligan’s Backpacker Hotel is that of the customers or rather visitors who visit the premises

4G Technology An Analysis

4G Technology An Analysis 4G refers to the Fourth Generation of cellular wireless standards in telecommunications that will succeed it predecessors 3G 2G. It is a high-speed broadband wireless network that offered comprehensive secure all IP based services. According to the ITU, requirements for 4G standards were specified by IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced). The data rates of 4G service for high mobility communication was set to 100 Mbps and low mobility communication was set to 1 Gbps. It focuses on cellular system with extremely high data rates the concept of seamless technology in all wireless systems. Carriers that are using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) as an alternative to TDMA and CDMA are promoting their services as 4G even though their data rates are not high according to the ITU. 4G outdoor users that have Internet access through cell phones or smart phones were promised to have a targeted data speed of around 100 Mbps by the IMT-Advanced and the data speed for indoor users such as LAN (Local Area Network) was suppose to be around 1Gbps. This type of higher speed for both fixed and mobile Internet users is truly amazing. 4G proposes scalable channel bandwidth flexibility of up to 40 MHz. The network resources are dynamically utilized shared to sustain more simultaneous users over each call. 4G also has the ability to propose high QoS (Quality of Service) for multimedia support and offer smooth handover heterogeneous networks. It must also have the ability to offer wireless LAN roaming interact with systems used for video broadcasting. Figure 5: Seamless Connection of Networks in 4G [5]. The 4G architecture comprises of 3 crucial areas of connectivity namely PAN (Personal Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network Cellular Connectivity Each device will have the ability to interact with the Internet based information that is modified over the network used by the device at that time. This structure can support a wide range of 4G mobile devices that sustain global roaming. In 4G networks users that join the network have the ability to add mobile routers to the infrastructure. Changing user patterns can be accommodated by dynamically shifting network capacity coverage. Creating additional routes as the concentration of people is higher in one area compared to the other enables additional access to the capacity of the network. Users can easily avoid congested routes by hoping to the less congested routes. This allows the network to automatically balance the capacity by increasing the network utilization. The service for all the users improve with the increase in number of users. Need for 4G One of the questions that come to mind when thinking about future 4G systems is there need. The first application to be mobilized was voice telephony, few years ago. The short message service (SMS) was the first application to be introduced as a mass-market application. The hardware complexity was not an issue at the given time along with the advantage of small bandwidth requirements. The SMS was just the commencement of various data services like mobile email, web browsing etc. The key feature in most of them was the packet based wireless networks carrying IP data in one hand and powerful terminals that could cope with these applications on the other. Although the network capacity is still not an issue due to less number of users, there are number of reasons for increased bandwidth requirements in the future. First, the number of wireless users increases exponentially resulting into an increase in bandwidth requirement. Second, the popularity of video and music downloads has increas ed immensely within few years. The information content in a video or music is more than the corresponding text but so is the capacity requirement. Last but not the least, mobile social networks have taken the current internet usage to a much higher level. Picture viewing sites, web blogs and also video sharing sites have reshaped the internet. The need for 4G arises from insufficient performances by 3G to meet the future needs several incompatible standards. The requirement for service portability, universal mobility the need for hybrid networks including both WLAN cellular network design led to the invention of 4G. New modulation methods that offered higher bandwidth with the help of an all IP based network with converged data voice capability were possible only by 4G. The chief characteristic developed by 4G was to offer accommodation for the QoS services that were set as requirements by the ITU. 4G technology guarantees secure, comprehensive invulnerable IP based mobile service solutions for wireless modems, laptops, smartphones other mobile devices. Applications such as Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), mobile TV, wireless broadband access, video chat, and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being urbanized to use a 4G network. Other IP based services include enhanced gaming, high quality multimedia streaming, IP telephony really fast broadband Internet can be accessed. This groundbreaking technology will have many more facilities available to users all around the world. Imagine having the ability to access information and services anytime, anywhere with a seamless connection as well as receiving large quantity of information, pictures, data video are the key aspects of 4G technology. The future 4G networks would consists of a set of numerous networks having IP based services as their common protocol such that the users are in control can choose each application and environment. The chief achievement would be integrating 4G technology with the existing cellular technologies with the help of advanced technologies. The main features of 4G services that interest the users specifically are high dynamic integration application adaptability. This means services are delivered available to the users as per their preference users traffic, radio environment air interfaces are all supported by 4G. Over the years researchers have been working on ways of fulfilling the above needs. Ethernet, Wireless LAN and TD-CDMA, were all supported by the developed network overall. The mobile technology of 4G should be focusing on the data-rate increase, new air-interface. The so-called core of the technology, OWA platform should also be embedded with high-speed wireless systems and wireless mobile system. It should also, Reuse many different access technologies as possible thereby implementing various functions using the IP-based protocols and technologies. Provide real-time services with high enough quality like the current cellular networks. Accessibility to services that should not be affected by the handover interruption. Mobile systems should have interfaces from various technologies simultaneously specially to TDCDMA (UMTS-TDD), wireless LANs (802.11b), and fixed networks (Ethernet). Be capable of accessing to routers and provide an interface between a wired network domain and wireless. A single access router directly mapped to a single cell controls an IP subnet. Provide a network management server for mobility management, charging, Quality of Service, security and paging issues in a fixed network. Features of 4G Features of 4G Wireless Systems: User Personalization and Friendliness: The combination of personalization and friendliness is a key feature in 4G. The well-designed transparency allows man and the machine to interact naturally and is well appreciated. The operator can send the data to the user depending on his/her preference or the data can even be filtered at the user end based on his/her requirement. In order to address a mass market and gain a positive impact on peoples lifestyle it should be kept in mind that every user wants to feel unique and important. Thus personalization enables the user to configure his device and select the services according to his preferences. The combination hence confers the right value to the users expense. Heterogeneity: 4G should have a definite advantage in the users day-to-day life. This is obtained by combining the network and terminology heterogeneity, both of which contribute equally to the efficiency of usage. With network heterogeneity, omni-directional connection and common service can be obtained thereby assuring certain level of quality of service. Heterogeneity enables a user to access and perform multiple things simultaneously for example, if a user wants to buy tickets to a museum and listen to music, he can do that. Terminals in 4G may have to some common services out of their capabilities due to which tailoring of the content might become necessary. Since it is based on IP wireless connectivity, the optimization of internet is maximized. The circuit switching technology is replaced by packet switching. The specificity of an IP, thus increase the speed along with the reliability of transfer of data. The bandwidth is around 100Mhz and speed of data transmission up to 1 Gbps. Support: It supports multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other broadband services. Cost Effective: Transmission costs of various multimedia services are very low. High capacity, high speed and low cost per bit. Cost of leased spectrum figures in greatly in reaching profitability. For example, the initial resistance from the investment society is a hindrance for WiMAX. This in turn pushes the operators to create new ways of increasing capital. Global mobility, service portability and scalable mobile networks. Seamless switching or usually referred as handover is gaining popularity. Availability of inter- and intra- technology handovers promises minimum or no interruption thereby assuring Quality of Service (QoS). This is achieved with the help of continuous transparent maintenance of services and inclusion of WiFi to OFDMA. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques are available. Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks: the independency from routers and access points is an added advantage. The dynamic activation of sender and receiver nodes is similar to a real-time system that is definitely a plus point of 4G. Also the network topology comes into play where every node is contributing to the data transmission. Mobility of users across multiple terminals and terminals across multiple technologies. Confidentiality of both user traffic and the network control information. 4G uses the IPV6 address scheme resulting in every cell having its own IP address. Interlayer security is provided in which only one layer is configured to do encryption on data. Predecessors of 4G LTE Long Term Evolution LTE (Long Term Evolution) is yet another technology under the brand of 4G technology. LTE is capable of giving a full support to the spectrum bands. Upgrading the current 3G networks to WiMAX is difficult in comparison to LTE. The pre 4G technology is known as 3GPP Long Term Evolution. If a 20 MHz channel is used LTE has a capacity of up to 50 Mbps in the uplink 100 Mbps in the downlink. WiMAX- Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a faster Wi-Fi listed under 4G. Mobile operators using the latest spectrum bands benefits most from the WiMAX. If a 20 MHz channel is used WiMAX would offer data rates up to 56 Mbps in uplink 128 Mbps downlink. UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) is based on TCP/IP networking technologies cascaded over next generation radio system with data rates up to 280 Mbps. The system was intended to be more proficient powerful of supplying more services than the technologies it was suppose to replace. UMB was the name within 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the mobile standards for next generation applications requirements. Qualcomm is UMBs lead sponsor ended the development of this technology supporting LTE instead. It intended to achieve data rates over 275 Mbps downstream over 75 Mbps upstream. Flash OFDM At an initial stage Flash-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) was supposed to be integrated into a 4G standard. 4G Architecture 1G wireless telecommunications led to the invention of the first kind of wireless cellular architecture that is still being offered by most cellular network providers. 2G could support more users in a cell than 1G by using digital technology. This technology gave access to many more callers by making use of the same multiplexed channel. It was primarily used for voice communication also included some very limited low rate data features such as SMS (Short Messaging Service). 2.5G gave access to the carriers to increase the data rates with just software upgrades with just making the users buy new handsets. 3G promised its users to offer greater bandwidth higher data rates that grants permission to send as well as receive more information. All 3 generations still have the Cellular Architecture or Star Topology where users within that cell can access a common central BTS (Base Transceivers Stations). The major advantage is that with this architecture carriers are able to construct nationwide networks, which most of the major carriers have already done. The major disadvantages of these networks as we progress are that as the data rate increases the output power increases so the size of the cell needs to be decreased in order to accommodate higher data rates. We would observe smaller cells as the consumers got scared with the increase in the output power. Some of the other disadvantages include no load balancing, singular failure point and spectral inefficiencies. The two very important characteristics of 4G technologies are: End-to-End Internet Protocol Peer-to-Peer Networking An all IP network would allow the users to use the same data applications that they use in wired networks. In peer-to-peer networking each device acts as a transceiver and a router for all the other devices in the network. This architecture eliminates the failure of single node. 4G is referred to as an ad hoc wireless networking technology, a combination of above characteristics. 4G plays a significant role by allowing users that are joining the network, the approach to add mobile routers to the existing infrastructure. The usage patterns for consumers dynamically shifts the coverage network capacity to be accommodate the changes as the users carry most of the networks with them. The users congregate leading to high demands of usage that also enables access to the network capacity as they create additional routes for each other. They tend to automatically skip from congested routes to lesser-congested routes. This authorizes the network to automatically balance capacity leading to an increase in network utilization. The user device that operate as router are basically a part of the infrastructure. So instead of carriers reducing the cost of devices they actually minimized and deployed the network of the carrier. 4G Mobile Network Architecture Each user interprets 4G mobile communications differently. For some its purely provides higher data rates to radio interfaces but for other it is internetworking of wireless LAN and cellular technologies. In order to accommodate traffic demand foreseen in an economically feasible way , 4G mobile networks must accomplish manifold increase in capacity in comparison to its forerunner. Mobile networks are planned for circuit switched voice until now. Fourth Generation wireless architecture was planned as heterogeneous infrastructure consisting of distinctive access systems in a corresponding manner. The user supporting personal agents enjoys unrestricted and ubiquitous connectivity to various applications over the available network. The figure below illustrates potential 4G mobile network architecture including cellular, satellite radio, ad-hoc and hot spot components. A BSC (Base Station Controller) accumulates calls from various base stations, enables handoffs, allot radio channels between BS (Base Station) and hands over calls to a more central mobile switching center. The emerging data networks overlie the existing voice architecture. With the increase in the data traffic this architecture has turned out to be cumbersome difficult to be managed with several network entities. The architecture contains common core Network connected to different wireless and wired networks. It is then connected to PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)/ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) via GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). GGSN is the chief component of the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network. The GGSN is accountable for internetworking between packet switched networks and GPRS network such as Internet. This architecture is associated to 2G via SGSN(Serving GPRA Support Node) from BSC. SGSN is accountable for distribution of data packets to and from mobile stations within its physical service area. Wireless communication is facilitated between UE (User Equipment) and the network by a piece of equipment known as BTS (Base Transreceiver Station). The connection to 3G is through SGSN towards Node B via RNC (Radio Network Controllers). In 2G networks, Node B is equivalent to BTS. RNC replaces BSC and connects to various networks such as Ad-hoc mobile networks and WLAN access networks. Signaling protocols like SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) are extensively used for setting and tearing multimedia communication sessions like video and voice calls above the Internet. The future of mobile communication networks will face challenges in incorporating and integrating various wireless technologies and mobile architectures to achieve flawless wireless infrastructure. Networking technology, has accepted that wireless or wired networks can interface with the core over the IP protocol. IPv6 4G Network Architecture The 4G architecture that supports flawless mobility between distinctive access technologies has an IPv6 based network architecture. Handovers between inter-technology need to be supported else mobility issues will arise. IP network architecture eliminates the voice-centric structure from the network. Instead of packet data overlaying on voice network separate, rather simple data architecture can be implemented which eliminates multiple elements from the network. BSC functions are equally distributed among media gateway router and BS over WAN. These include Radio Bearer control, dynamic allocations and radio resource management that are handled by base stations whereas gateway router handles distribution of paging messages and security. Ethernet- 802.3 is used for grant wired access and Ethernet -802.11 is used for LAN access. The radio interface W-CDMA of UMTS is used extensively for cellular access. This arises the need for mobility to be implemented in the network layer as it cant be handled by the lower layers. IPv6 mechanism is used for internetworking eliminating the need to use internal procedure for handover over any technology. This clarifies that no internal procedures are sustained in W-CDMA cells but the same IP protocol facilitates the movement among the cells. The figure above illustrates a few handover potential in such a network to accommodate a moving user. The users can handover among any of theses technologies without splitting the network connection as well as supporting voice connections. The users have the opportunity to wander between administrative domains while having the capability to use their services across domains. There should be appropriate agreements among the existing domains. The service providers have the capability to track the usage of their consumers both on and off their network like while roaming. The entire network inclusive of all management functions and applications was being employed with the IPv6 protocol over the Linux environment. AAAC and QoS subsystems were responsible for providing service to each user according to the SLA (Service Level Agreement). The software for these was extended resorting to a combination of existing implementations and newly included modules. The 4 administrative domains are depicted in the figure with various access technologies. An AAAC (Authentication, Authorization, Auditing and Charging) system manages each administrative domain. At least one network access control entity, the QoS Broker, is required per domain. Due to the requirements of full service control by the provider, all the handovers are explicitly handled by the management infrastructure through IP-based protocols, even when they are intra- technology, such as between two different Access Points in 802.11, or between two different Radio Network Controllers in WCDMA [7]. The network providers are responsible for all the network resources while the user control their local network, applications and terminal. The key characteristics of this network architecture are : A User : It refers to a company or a person with SLA constricted with a provider for certain set of services. The architecture is concerned about granting access to the users and not specific terminals. MT (Mobile Terminal) : It is the terminal that gives access to the users for services. The network architecture can support terminal portability leading to the sharing of the terminal among various users though not at the same time. AR (Access Router) : This is the generic mode of connection to the network that gets the name of RG (Radio Gateway) for basically wireless access. PA (Paging Agent) : it is responsible for situating MT when it is idle and there are packets that need to be delivered to it. QoS Broker : it is solely responsible for managing one or more ARs. the AAAC system provides information that is used to control user access and access rights. AAAC System : It is responsible for SLA including charging and accounting. NMS (Network Management System) : It is responsible for overall network control and management. This entity guarantees and manages the accessibility of resources in the main network. This network is proficient of supporting several functions namely : Confidentiality both of user traffic and of the network control information QoS levels guaranties to traffic flows Inter-operator information interchange for multiple-operator scenarios Mobility of terminals across multiple technologies Mobility of users across multiple terminals IMT-Advanced Network Architecture The ITU specified IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) specifications for 4G standards. The data rate requirements for 4G service was set at 100 Mbps for high-level mobility communication and 1 Gbps for low-level mobility communication. Pre-4G technologies such as WiMAX and LTE have been in the market for a while. The most current version of these technologies do not accomplish the ITU requirements for 4G service. IMT-Advanced in compliance with the above 2 technologies are still under development and are namely called LTE-Advanced WirelessMan-Advanced The figure above illustrates the perception of a unified architecture developed by IMT-Advanced network built on IP as the common layer protocol. This interface facilitates services that allow the use of communication networks by the yet to be developed devices. With significant improvements in access speeds popular applications in wire line can be transferred under wireless networks in a identical flawless way. Application of 4G: Virtual Presence : 4G would provide user services to its users at all times irrespective of the fact that the user is on or offsite. The location applications of 4G would maintain a virtual database containing graphical representations and physical characteristics of metropolitan areas. This database can be accessed by users from anywhere by using appropriate wireless equipment, which would give the platform to appear virtual. Tele-medicine : 4G would create a platform to monitor the health of patients remotely through video-conferencing with the capability for doctors assistance at anywhere and at anytime. Crisis-Management Applications: Natural disasters leading to the breakdown of entire communications infrastructure needs to be restored as quickly as possible. In general it may take about a week or so to restore the services with 4G the communication services can be re-established in a couple of hours. Virtual Navigation: It will provide virtual navigation to users so that they can access virtual database to visualize the internal design of buildings. It requires very high speed of transmission. Tele-Geo Processing Applications: It would integrate GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) providing the users with location querying. Education: 4G would provide the opportunity to the people across the globe to continue on-line education in a cost effective manner. Multimedia-Video Services: 4G wireless technology is anticipated to deliver high data rates of multimedia services efficiently. There are two different types of video services: Streaming video and Bursting. Streaming is used only for real-time services and bursting is used for file download using a buffer and can take advantage of the entire available bandwidth. An appropriate solution for operators who are looking to achieve monetary and technical efficiency in their upgrade path would be combining the 2G-3G with 4G network functions. A SGSN+MME node and a GGSN+SGW+PGW node can act as a node for both 2G/3G and a 4G network. There are various solutions that offer flexibility to sparate functions when the traffic grows. 4G evolutions can be eased out by slowly converting the current systems into an integrated 2G/3G/4G system and then ultimately to a 4G system. LTE and SAE requirements are ardently followed. This solution, so far provided by Cisco enables one to enjoy the advantages of the existing system along with the augmentation of 4G so that operators can still use the present system if and when desired. It can support 2G/3G today and through a software upgrade these solutions can support 4G functionality as well when LTE networks are deployed. Cisco claims that operators need not perform forklift upgrades when evolving to 4G. Existing SG SN,GGSN, or PDG can be upgraded to 4G functional elements MME,SGW,PGW, and ePDG through the solution. The existence of a software upgrade solution to switch from 2G/3G to 4G shows the compatibility of 4G with 2G/3G.