Motivation in management Essay

The study of motivation aims to facilitate understanding of what prompts employees to initiate action, what influences their choice of action and why they persist in such action over time. Motivation is important to business practitioners since it assists in seeking high performance within organisations. While effective employee motivation improves productivity, it also generates challenges for managers to channel motivation towards the accomplishment of organisational goal. This essay intends to examine several motivation theories with reference to the film the Devil wears Prada, and then discuss some challenges managers may face when attempting to motivate employees in the contemporary world of work. Following this introduction, three motivation theories including ERG theory, two-factor theory and reinforcement theory are exemplified by the film the Devil wears Prada in the findings part. Then, conclusions generating from findings as well as recommendations suggesting implications for managers will be given evolutionarily. Findings Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. The rationale behind theories of motivation is to provide a framework through which organisations can better influence their employees’ drive to work and increase their enthusiasm with their roles. Theories of motivation mainly contain content theories focusing on the underlying needs that motivate, process theories explaining the way employees select behavioural actions and reinforcement theories examining the relationship between behaviour and its consequence. Among so many theories concerning motivation, the ERG theory, two-factor theory and reinforcement theory are selected to be discussed in this essay. Besides, using film to simulate and examine organisational behaviours is considered to be an effective way to assist students in applying management theories, and even the primary instructional medium which can be incorporated into an organizational behaviour class as proposed by Gerald W. Smith. (Gerald, 2009) To illustrate motivation theory for further understanding, the Devil wears Prada is rather a good choice. Alderfer EGR Theory To some extent, Alderfer’s ERG theory can be considered as a condensate of famous Maslow’s five needs hierarchy theory. ERG theory considers the intrinsic factors that drive employees to behave more productively as well and Alderfer classified underlying human needs that generate motivation to three categories, containing existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. (Samson & Draft, 2012) Motivating employees through satisfying their intrinsic needs is an effective way to understand and accelerate motivation in workplace. In the devil wears Prada, Andy’s progress in her job as Miranda’s assistant is an excellent illustration to understand this theory. Existence needs include all material and physiological desires for physical wellbeing. When Andy initially takes the job in Runway and strives for being Miranda’s second assistant, she is identified to be motivated by her existence needs that affording living expenses in New York and getting career started after graduation from university. She considered ‘this stuff’ has nothing to do with her, indicating she felt unrelated with this workplace, unlike Emily who have great enthusiasm towards fashion industry and therefore are extremely motivated especially by strong needs for growth (chance to go Paris for Fashion week). Then, after being frustrated by failure to complete missions and Miranda’s reprimand, Andy gradually gets involved and emerges relatedness needs, which encompass external esteem and relationships with significant others like co-workers and employers. She seriously cares about her competence of this job and wants to be recognized in Runway. Being successfully motivated, Andy becomes most productive assistant and wins appreciation of Miranda on the basis of her capacity. Andy seems to have a bright future of career at that point. However, Andy chooses not to persist as she realizes that her growth needs, which represent internal esteem and self-actualization, can never be satisfied in Runway. She eventually decides to turn another way to pursue the job satisfying all her needs. Herzberg’s two-factor theory Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation considered satisfaction and dissatisfaction as two separate entities caused by quite different factors, which were named hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are characterised as extrinsic components of job design that contribute to employee dissatisfaction if they are not met, while motivators are intrinsic to the job itself and include achievement, recognition, responsibility and opportunity for growth. (Samson & Draft, 2012) Herzberg believed that hygiene factors work only in area of dissatisfaction, while employees are highly motivated just by the presence of motivators. It is the only motivational theory that splits out demotivating factors from true motivators. This two-factor theory seems to be illustrated in the Devil wears Prada as well. When Andy starts to work as Miranda’s second assistant, she is driven by several hygiene factors that generate job dissatisfaction, referring to working status, co-worker relationships, supervisory style and company administration. Andy has to deal with all of Miranda’s sudden requests no matter when and how difficult, indicating a terrible working status. She is not into Runway’s culture as well as her colleagues, and finally becomes frustrated about her job in Runway. However, after Andy gets involved in her job, motivators, referring mostly to Miranda’s recognition and her advancement at work, starts to continually burst Andy’s enthusiasm as well as productivity. At this stage, Andy’s capacity and even potency is successfully stimulated. Moreover, Adrian Furnham, Andreas Eracleous and Tomas Chamorro Premuzic (2008) stretched to further examine motivation in workplace based on combining two-factor theory with personality variables. For instance, they released that motivators were associated positively with extraversion, whilst high scores in the hygiene-related factor were negatively associated with extraversion. Andy, who concerns friends a lot and is recognised to be highly extroversive, also complies with this finding. It is interesting that she is so highly motivated by her recognition and advancement needs, that she even overcomes job dissatisfaction and gets used to her ‘mission impossible’ spontaneously, indicating her high degree of extraversion personality leads to more sensitively react to motivators than hygiene-related factors. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation While satisfying human needs are the key sources that drive employees to behave more productively, to the extent that managers understand employee needs, the organisation’s reward systems can be designed to meet them and reinforce employees for directing energies and priorities towards attainment of organisational goals. In the devil wears Prada, the main reinforcement tool utilized by Miranda to modify Andy’s behaviour at first she takes the job is recognised to be punishment, which mostly refers to reprimanding. Miranda berates Andy severely following her failure of getting the flight Miranda needs and actually succeeds in reducing the likelihood of the behaviour recurring under the circumstance in the film. However, it is worth noticing that Andy is totally frustrated and don’t know what her fault is when Miranda punishes her through reprimanding. This indicates the controversial use of punishment in organisation which is often criticised for failure to direct the correct behaviour. (Samson & Draft, 2012) Then Miranda’s reinforcement tool changes to avoidance learning, which stops ignoring Andy after Andy is into her position and shows her capacity. Miranda also encompass positive reinforcement that she offers ‘gifts’, such as cosmetics and bags, as well as higher level task indicating recognition (delivery of the mock-up book), and promotes Andy by replacing Emily. In contrast, Emily is given extinction reinforcement tool at this stage as her chance to go to Paris is withdrawn. Conclusion In the first 30 minutes of the film, it shows that motivation arising from satisfying existence needs only leads Andy to ‘deign to work’ and turns to be not enough to boost Andy’s productivity Miranda requires. Andy tends to just accomplish her tasks passively and evaluates her job requirements are not reasonable due to inadequate motivation. No extra, or even required passion or efforts is given spontaneously, which is described by Nigel as ‘not trying’. It indicates the inefficiency for organisations to drive employees to work only relying on payment. Besides, while the motivation from satisfying growth needs perfectly stimulates Emily to make every effort, the assistant job can never meet the growth needs of Andy, based on diverse aspirations of them two. It indicates one of the complexities faced by managers that identifying purpose derived from work for individuals is sophisticated, and meanwhile bound to motivate employees effectively as well as sustainably. Moreover, the film reveals the implication of two-factor theory for managers that poor hygiene factors will generate dissatisfaction, while recognition, achievement and opportunities for growth are powerful motivators that stimulate employees’ productivity. What’s fascinating about this is that even things like human relations training and job participation don’t intrinsically motivate people. They may charge a person’s battery, but it will run flat again at some point of no real motivation is instilled. Recommendation Although it is a special situation that employees with particular personality, like Andy, can be forced to get involved through experiencing failure, the lesson of motivation, that employees will emerge relatedness needs and then generate higher motivation once they concern and feel related to workplace, is rather a useful inspiration for managers to encompass enhancing employees’ involvement as motivation issues. To the extent manager generates employee’s involvement, they can initiatively get into organisational norms and makes additional efforts to behave towards management’s expectations. Besides, as motivation arises from within employees and typically differs for each employee, organisations should learn about employees’ living conditions as well as personality variables that contribute to their diverse needs, with the intention of increasing job satisfaction and performance. On the basis of such knowledge, motivators aim to accurately satisfy employees’ intrinsic needs and then burst their productivity to the greatest extent, can be established. Reference Adrian Furnham and Andreas Eracleous Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic (2008) Personality, motivation and job satisfaction: Hertzberg meets the Big Five, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 24 No. 8, 2009, pp. 765-779 Jennifer Kunz & Stefan Linder (2012) Organizational Control and Work Effort – Another Look at the Interplay of Rewards and Motivation, European Accounting Review, 21:3, 591-621 Samson, D. and Daft, R.L. (2012) Management (Fourth Asia Pacific Edition).Cengage Learning: South Melbourne Smith, G.W. (2009) Using Feature Films as the Primary Instructional Medium to Teach Organizational Behavior, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 23 No. 4 462-489

Project Shakti Essay

The project was started to explore the business opportunity of the rural market, where the competition will be less than the urban market. The first challenge faced by the Shakti was the low margin to its entrepreneurs and lack of owner ship. Its initial plan was, federations purchase products from HLL and then sell them to SHGs and then to outlets in village. In this model no one took responsibility. This challenge was overcome by changing the business model as follows: A member of the SHG appointed as entrepreneur, who borrow money from respective SHG and buy products directly from HLL. By this model responsibility is only for entrepreneur and no need to share profit as well. HLLs pilot model was with women because they are the bulk consumer for the HLL products and they have access to home of potential consumers. Easy part of the project was the selection of the entrepreneurs. Problem starts once the stock started piling up, which was almost equal to their annual income. To add on to this, loan repayment schedule was also started which was threaten the feasibility of the project. These entrepreneurs did not have any previous experience in undertaking independent economic activity added up failure of this task. HLL had overcome this with following initiatives: 1. They had introduced RSP, to control stock. To reduce the cost they hired the trainers to train entrepreneurs and outsourced the administration to third party 2. Offered incentive for visiting specific number of homes and offered additional incentive for selling specific brands 3. Negotiated with bank to get more time to start initial payment. To scale up the project, implementation team has to undergo following tasks: 1. Arrange government permissions and secure the support of the district administration 2. Identify and seal partnerships with NGOs well established in the region 3. Interact with mainstream HLL sales to identify market for PS 4. Locate SHG and convince them that the project shakti was a reliable, sustainable source of income for their members 5. Appoint a right women as entrepreneurs 6. Ensure a steady supply of products In many placed HLL was not able get support from government, presuming that these attempts are an explosive attempt of a large multinational. This was overcome by the appointing MART and helped them to expand to 50405 villages across 310 districts in 12 states. To scale up they have addressed the requirement of the small income group by introducing low price packs Introduced Vani programme to educate personals and communities on their health and hygiene. Next challenge faced was to change the focus of the buyers from local retailers to Shakti entrepreneur. It has been overcome by doing the following: 1. Personalized service 2. Door step delivery 3. Assurance of quality 4. Credit to regular patrons 5. Creating a network for sale and passing a percentage of the profit to them as well

Abiotic And Biotic Characteristics Environmental Sciences Essay

Abiotic And Biotic Characteristics Environmental Sciences Essay San Francisco Bay has maintained a magnificent body of water and use to sustain the economy of Western United States and San Francisco Estuary in Bay in is of great importance because through this a large number of water draining becomes possible. It’s Estuary from where fresh water meets to sea water. There are many pollutants that we face in our daily life e.g. dirt, sediments, oil, grease, fertilizes pesticides chemicals etc. the water running from the land carrying these pollutants to underground and ultimately this reach to the Estuary of san Francisco. These pollutants when reach in river and sea water can pollute the whole water and prove harmful for aquatic life as it can be cause harm for wetland creatures like fish, and can prove very dangerous for other habitats of water. It can destroy the aquatic system and can be major threats for the living organism living under water. As San Francisco Estuary considered as a very important region and has much economic importan ce so for prevention of pollution and keep safe this region from other different factors restoration and conservation is used. Abiotic and biotic characteristics of the San Francisco Estuary Many of environmental factors affect the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the San Francisco Estuary these include both abiotic and biotic characteristics. These factors effects the life in Estuary in great extends. Non-living factors are called abiotic factors which include concentration of oxygen and nutrients, salinity of water and amount of sunshine. As these factors have the major impact on the life in estuary. All living factors that affect the estuary are called biotic factors. That includes producers’ consumers and predators as producers are of basic importance for consumers. Consumers rely on producers and predators rely on consumers. So these are depend on one another to maintain the balance of estuary, Population growth in the San Francisco Bay area affected the estuary Inc reasing trend of population in San Francisco Bay area affected the estuary as increasing trend of population cause a rush in urban as well as on village areas. More the people are using the recourses more the waste is creating and much use of water and water waste from its use create pollution as much of the polluted water is drained through the underground ways to Estuary that is a great threat for the marine life. More over in recent years 40,000 metric tons of pollutants enter the Bay annually from agriculture and urban runoff. Rivers, atmospheric fallout, municipal sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities, natural and artificial erosion, illegal clearance, dredging and dredged material disposal, marine vessel discharges, accidental spills, and landfill seepage are also causing problems as well. (1) Habitat fracture in the San Francisco Estuary been increased by human behavior Estuaries is of great importance for us as these are used for food, trade and for shelter and in t his case Sans Francisco Bay has great importance as it is used as harbor for many ships of this regions. There are large number of plants and animals found in Estuaries and the most of population of San Francisco Bay depend on these marine lives for their food. But due to the pollution spreading by increase in population cause harm to these plants and animals. This pollution can cause damage to the lives of these plants and animals found in estuaries.

Any subject in the criminal justce systre Essay

Any subject in the criminal justce systre - Essay Example Investigation usually marks the first step for a criminal case. The police usually perform this. In this regard, when a person is accused of offense, the police are usually required to carry out investigation to gather enough evidence, among them identifying the suspect in order to support an arrest. For instance, when an individual is confronted with robbers, the victim is usually required to report the matter to the law enforcement officers, who will then begin investigation based on the information provided by the victim (Burns, 2006). Search Warrant Usually, when the investigation officers are satisfied that there is probable cause for a crime, the law enforcement officers are required to seek for a search warrant, which permits them to search the premises. A probable cause in this case referred to the standard of proof indicating that there are enough facts on the ground showing that there is enough evidence of a criminal activity in a given place. Judges usually issue the search warrant, when they are satisfied that there is indeed probable cause. This implies that if the law enforcement officers fail to show enough evidence, then the police officer may be denied the right to carry out the search. However, a search warrant may not be needed under emergencies usually referred to as exigent ‘circumstances’ (Neubauer, and Fradella, 2010). During a search, the officers may interrogate witnesses, who might have been at the scene of the alleged crime

Organization Chart and Management Team Gaps Research Paper

Organization Chart and Management Team Gaps - Research Paper Example This research paper follows the improving of the organizational structure of the Capstone Accountants company. From Mintzberg where basic parts of an organization are comprehensively designated, Capstone Accountants can be said to contain the operating core and a small middle line. This simplified structure, that is created in the research paper requires high decentralization which seems not to be the case in Capstone Accountants. The company will have four vice presidents, all the VPs will be taking orders from the CEO and execute it or delegate it to lower-level employees. The firm will also have one administrative assistant who will be directly answerable to the VP Operations. The administrative assistant and the two accountants will be at liberty to delegate some duties to lower-level employees with knowledge and proficiency prerequisite in handling specific tasks The organization structure for Capstone Accountants is diagrammatically represented in this paper. While the construc ted team seems solid and able to cover the main points of the plan, the â€Å"gray haired factor† will affect Capstone Accountants due to scantiness of seasoned proficient management with a vast familiarity with the industry. However, Capstone Accountants will prioritize training and make it an ongoing component to guarantee the growth of the management team. Such partnership will contract qualified trainers who will offer training to the management team as a way of ensuring that the team is updated and well-equipped with the current trends and emerging issues in the highly competitive industry.

Show how language use reflects social identity and discuss any Essay

Show how language use reflects social identity and discuss any implications you can draw for second language teaching - Essay Example As the world becomes more global through communication and immigration, teaching a second language begins to have a greater impact on our society. Language not only expresses thoughts and ideas, it creates a representation of the speaker to their audience. As an example, respect is an aspect of that can be gained through speech and illustrates the broader relationship between power and language. Power is the degree to which one agent is able to control the behavior of the other. Physical strength, age, wealth, sex, or profession, are all unspoken ways to convey power. However, the introduction of a second language creates another center of power. That center derives its power from sociolinguistic solidarity. Using non-solidary forms express distance and formality, while solidary forms express intimacy and familiarity. Solidarity can be achieved in cooperation where communicators share some common attribute, such as attending at the same school or working in the same profession. However, to be a successful communicator in a linguistically diverse environment, it is necessary to know the languages, their nuances, and develop an appreciation for the power derived from language solidarity. A member in a community may have several groups with which he wishes to identify and associate with. The identity that the person creates for each group will be associated with their verbal communications, and there are certain linguistic forms that will construct each identity. People create their linguistic systems to resemble those of the in-group with which they wish to identify. A person participates in many different speech communities that vary according to time, place, audience, and participants. In a speech community, each individual has a range of social identities that creates different roles for all of the different subgroups within the community. The range of linguistic varieties expressed by these relationships is called the communicative repertoire. This repertoire, whether oral or written, can include different languages, dialects, or registers. Language serves as a symbol of association on several levels. On the national level, language attachment can serve an impor tant political function. On a local level, language is a symbol of attachment to a community. Within a social setting, language can be an in-group virtue. Foreign languages are a part of our communicative repertoire. When a person learns a second language, they become a member of a new cultural group within a social structure. They not only learn the appropriate linguistic forms, but it also extends their social identity to include other speakers of the new language. For the community as a whole, socialization through language learning creates conformity to social norms and relates the culture of the community. Teaching a second language encompasses more than just conveying the mechanics and the linguistics. It is an opportunity to construct an identity as a social being. In teaching a second language, it becomes vital to present the context, slang, and cultural attitudes that may be a part of the language. A second language is more than just a means of communication. It identifies the learner as a member of a unique cultural group, establishes their

CLA W1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CLA W1 - Assignment Example Cartoons such as Hercules and Aladdin use creative ideas from Greek stories to create episodes of their programs. Children literature such as comics and novels are another area that has been influenced by this culture. Many creative pieces of children literature contain ideas and notions borrowed from ancient Greek mythology. The Ancient Greek mythology also influenced many national governments in the area of finance and economy. Many of the local governments have incorporated the use of Greek mythological artwork and design in the creation of their national currencies. A close look at many notes and coins used as local currency prove of this. The design and shape of the money will indicate that many ideas borrowed from the ancient Greek artwork. Ancient Greek mythology has greatly influenced modern architecture and design. Many famous national buildings and facilities have borrowed artistic themes from the ancient Greeks. They have skillfully adapted the design and creativity that they have gathered from studying ancient mythological architectural drawings and managed to incorporate them into modern ideas (Tessowen, 2012). The entertainment industry has also greatly benefited from classic mythology. Many movies have themes based on classic mythology, with the entertainment industry adopting their versions of movies such as "The Legend of Hercules", "Spartacus†, â€Å"Troy" and others. These films have gone on to be mostly familiar and rake in massive amounts of revenue. The music industry has also adapted themes from classical mythology. Musicians sing songs relating to ancient Greek mythology, and many bands have names and themes related to the ancient Greek culture. Ancient Greek mythology inspires marketing in man y ways. Many corporations consistently use these ideologies in marketing and branding their products. It is common to see advertisements with people dressed in ancient

Environmental and Resource Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental and Resource Economics - Essay Example II. Command-and-Control Approach The Command-and-Control Approach to environmental protection has given rise to regulations that set limits on emissions and discharges from machineries, and on specific properties and makeup of equipment that may be manufactured, imported or utilized in the country. Under the same Approach, rules on audits and disclosure of information are also imposed. With the government giving due recognition to companies that abide by environmental protection laws, companies are driven to be compliant. Furthermore, companies are spared from the mandatory costs of non-compliance with the set standards and laws. For these reasons, the Command-and-Control Approach can work. (Khanna & Damon 1999) However, it has been pointed out that plain declaration of environmental laws is not enough. Non-compliance should be subject to strictly applied sanctions and penalties for such laws to be effective and for the Command-and-Control Approach to work. (Tietenberg & Lewis 2012) In the United States, the purpose for setting rules and regulations designed to protect the environment were initially declared by former President Richard Nixon on 1 January 1970 through the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA). As stated in the NEPA, the firm policy of the US Federal Government is to establish and maintain conditions that would allow man and nature to co-exist in harmony through the use of powers and resources that the Government has at hand. NEPA further states that this policy delivers the social, economic and other requirements of the American people, both present and future generations. (Wilson 2004) In the years that followed, more environmental standards and laws have been set and legislated. Thus, the Command-and Control Approach of the US Government has spawned the environmental protection system that stands to this day. Subsequently, the Congress instituted the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (R CRA), and the Comprehensive environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). (Wilson 2004) In spite of the many laws that have been made for environmental protection, critics have continually hounded the effectiveness and efficiency of such laws with endless questions. These laws contain the goals for which they have been set and critics have zeroed in on how the same goals have not been achieved through the implementation of the same laws. (Wilson 2004) Hence, the limitation of the Command-and-Control Approach is highlighted. Nationally promulgated and applied laws, no matter how good, can never successfully secure environmental protection. After all, the efforts of one specific country cannot combat the harm inflicted by the other countries across the globe. While we all attempt to save our planet, the Command-and-Control Approach used by governments can mostly cover only their specific territories. The bid of the United States to totally eliminate all production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chemicals harmful to the ozone layer can be cited as an example. Even with US exercising political will, the ozone layer will continually thin out for as long as there are other countries that get on with their generation and use of CFCs. Due to the extreme damage that CFCs can cause the

Describe The Future of Employee Training and Development Essay

Describe The Future of Employee Training and Development - Essay Example Investing in the employees is considered to be the best investment on the part of the modern organizations. The increasing levels of competition and sustainability issues in the business environments have created a pressing need for companies to manage their assets well. The human resources in an organization are the most valuable resources. Investing in the human resources is seen as a profitable investment with massive returns in terms of organizational improvement, value creation and competitive advantage creation. Learning is a process by which the employees gather information and use this information in their daily job roles. This often leads to the overall development of the employees in terms of skills and knowledge. Many businesses are focusing on developing talent pools within the organizations to ensure efficiency and competitive advantage of their businesses. The future trends of employee learning and development are expected to be innovative and dramatically different from the conventional ways of training and development. One of the main trends expected to play a dominant role in the future of employee learning and development is that learning will assume a central role and evolve beyond mere training and development practices. In the present situation, training is seen as a main medium of imparting knowledge to the employees with the training instructor playing an influential role as the center of all information. This involves a traditional classroom setting. However, it is expected that in the future, the role of the employees would be more established in the training settings with the employees emerging as the seekers of information and knowledge (Wilson, 2005). The focus would be on the employees trying to tap in various resources to satisfy their learning and development needs. The employee training processes are likely to become blended in the future which will

Defamation is it for the rich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Defamation is it for the rich - Essay Example It is evident from the research that the law of defamation appears to be rather simple since a plaintiff seeking to substantiate a claim is generally required to establish that the defendant made/published defamatory statements and that those statements referred to the plaintiff or at the very least, any reasonable or objective person would conclude that the statements referred to the plaintiff. However, below the surface, there are barriers contained in common law precedents and statutory provisions that complicate an otherwise simple requirement to the extent that access to justice is not so straighforward. For instance, the word â€Å"malice† consistently appears in the Defamation Acts and case law although proof of malice is merely a theoretical requirement and is â€Å"purely formal†. As W. Horton explains:â€Å"Though the word (maliciously) is usually inserted in the plaintiff’s statement of claim, no one takes any notice of it at trial except for the purp ose of inflating damages where there has been spite or deliberateness.† Be that as it may, the overuse of the word malice is only a small token of the complexities with which act as an impediment to a straightforward defamation law suit. The more serious issues are found in the substantive law. For instance, defences such as fair comment and truth are typically available but will only protect opinionated statements and will do nothing to protect statements of fact. While there are other defences the underlying goal of defamation law is to provide for the accuracy and fairness of published or communicated statements.

Case Vignettes in Acid-Base Balance Essay Example for Free

Case Vignettes in Acid-Base Balance Essay Choose three of the four vignettes and BRIEFLY answer the questions that follow. Normal Levels of Substances in the Arterial Blood: pH 7.40 + 0.05 pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) 40 mm Hg pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) 90 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin O2 saturation 94 100 % [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Vignette #1: A 14-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis has complained of an increased cough productive of green sputum over the last week. She also complained of being increasingly short of breath, and she is noticeably wheezing on physical examination. Arterial blood was drawn and sampled, revealing the following values: pH 7.30 pCO2 50 mm Hg pO2 55 mm Hg Hemoglobin O2 saturation 45 % [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Questions: 1. How would you classify this girls acid-base status? 2. How does cystic fibrosis cause this acid-base imbalance? 3. How would the kidneys try to compensate for the girls acid-base imbalance? 4. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette #2:  A 76-year-old man complained to his wife of severe sub-sternal chest pains that radiated down the inside of his left arm. Shortly afterward, he collapsed on the living room floor. Paramedics arriving at his house just minutes later found him unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. CPR and electroconvulsive shock were required to start his heart beating  again. Upon arrival at the Emergency Room, the man started to regain consciousness, complaining of severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and continued chest pain. On physical examination, his vital signs were as follows: Systemic blood 85 mm Hg / 50 mm pressure Hg Heart rate 175 beats / minute Respiratory rate 32 breaths / minute Temperature 99.2o F His breathing was labored, his pulses were rapid and weak everywhere, and his skin was cold and clammy. An ECG was done, revealing significant Q waves in most of the leads. Blood testing revealed markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels of cardiac muscle origin. Arterial blood was sampled and revealed the following: pH 7.22 pCO2 30 mm Hg pO2 70 mm Hg Hemoglobin O2 saturation 88 % [HCO3-] 2 meq / liter Questions: 5. What is the diagnosis? What evidence supports your diagnosis? 6. How would you classify his acid-base status? What specifically caused this acidbase disturbance? 7. How has his body started to compensate for this acid-base disturbance? 8. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette #3: An elderly gentleman is in a coma after suffering a severe stroke. He is in the intensive care unit and has been placed on a ventilator. Arterial blood gas measurements from the patient reveal the following: pH 7.50 pCO2 30 mm Hg pO2 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin O2 saturation 98% [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Questions: 9. How would you classify this patients acid-base status? 10. How does this patients hyperventilation pattern raise the pH of the blood? 11. How might the kidneys respond to this acid-base disturbance? 12. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance.

The Simpsons episode Essay Example for Free

The Simpsons episode Essay A similar cartoon to Itchy and Scratchy is Tom and Jerry the characters in both cartoons dislike each other. They differ however in their use of weaponry. In the cartoon Itchy and Scratchy, these battles are exaggerated and the violence escalates through the use of dangerous weapons and graphic imagery. This culture can be seen on the streets of America where the use of guns and knifes are regularly used. In this episode of The Simpsons the producers use parody as a technique to mock the TV culture of America by including the Psycho scene. Each time Maggie attacks Homer the creators adds tension and atmosphere by using the same music and camera angles. This is because Psycho is a well known horror film which is easily recognisable. From then on each time Maggie attacks Homer we hear the same music to show that she is about to do something bad. The shower scene from Psycho is made to appear shocking because an innocent woman is brutally attacked. The Simpsons use many of the camera angles to parody this. Some of the famous shots from psycho have been used for example, when Homer and Janet Leigh realise the attacker is behind them they use a big close up shots to show the emotion and fear on their faces. There is a close up of Homers mouth just as he realises that Maggie is about to hit him, in a similar way we see Janet Leigh scream as she sees the killer. Also when they feel the blow, Homer pulls the table cloth to the ground, we see the cloth rip in the same way that the shower curtain rips in Psycho. As Janet Leigh blood runs down the plug hole they use the same panning shot to show Homer lying on the floor and the red paint runs to the plug hole and then they use a fading shot into his eye to start the next scene off. The music adds tension because it stars off high pitched and gives you a sense add danger, as it goes on the pitch gets lower and slow down, the double base and cello are perfect instruments because they make sharp hollow noses building tension to make you wonder what gong to happen next. This technique combines to make the scene recognisable and easy to relate to. Once Marge realises the terrible effects the cartoon is having on Maggie she begins to wrights letters of protest to the creators of Itchy and Scratchy and Crusty the Clown. After a successful campaign the nature of the cartoon changes. The theme tune now begins We love, we share, we love we share we care , Itchy and Scratchy are now loving and caring. The cartoon Porch Pals shows them sitting on the porch and shared the lemonade with one another. Maggie is once again influenced but this time for the good. She goes over to Homer to give him a glass of lemonade. The other kids are disappointing with the changes to the show. Lisa said its lost its touch and Bart said this suck. Millhouse, Barts friend turned off the TV and the camera angle shows a disappointed expression. The fact that children apparently only enjoy watching TV violence is exaggerated by the creators, they make all the children turn off the TV and walk out side to play. As the children walk out side they rub there eyes to exaggerate the effect that the sun has had on their eyes. The music changes to Beethoven 6th symphony makes the atmosphere happy and joyful. All the children are playing traditional games. Homer sits at the table and his children are happy and polite. Attitudes to each other change. Homer shows an interest in his children by asking what have you done today and the children become polite by asking may we leave, Homer comes out with a comment this is the golden age but it might not necessarily be as perfect as they all think. One boy is shown watching paint dry and there is a saying that nothings more boring then watching paint dry. This indicates that everything is not perfect after all. The positive influence of not watching TV has been well presented ever though it has been exaggerated. The children are spending their time doing positive, worthwhile things, making friends, helping the community and being much more polite. Although TV can have a negative affect on children the creators are aware that too much censorship is also bad. When Michael Angelos David is brought to Springfield the parents begin to protest against it. Marge, on the other hand is in favour of the statue coming to Springfield. This makes Marge re-examines her own attitudes to TV violent. What one person finds offensive could be considered a masterpiece by others. She realises that censorship denies others the right of free choice. When answering the original question it would appear that the Simpsons does influence the behaviour of children. When violent cartoons such as Pokamon are popular the incidences of playground violence increases as children try to imitate their actions. However, as children grow up they develop the ability to distinguish between TV and reality. In certain cases seeing violent acts and the affect it has on victims may prepare people placed in similar situations to cope in real life.

Reviewing The Psychological Effects Of Teenage Pregnancy Psychology Essay

Reviewing The Psychological Effects Of Teenage Pregnancy Psychology Essay On my journey to find a piece of art for my term paper, I was excited because this was the first time I had gone to the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) and I felt it was going to be a experience to last a lifetime. I wanted to pick a painting that was attractive but rather in depth. As I walked through MOMA, I had seen several paintings that I can choose but I decided to check one more floor and came across, Girl before a Mirror illustrated by Pablo Picasso (1932). This piece of art was rather fascinating and interesting due to the image of a young pregnant woman possibly viewing herself from past to future. After this, many ideas came to mind, such as the problem we have with teenage pregnancy and how pregnancy can affect a sense of identity, self-esteem, social relationship and education To me, Girl before a Mirror painted in the year 1932, shows a young pregnant girl confronting herself in a mirror. As the girl looks in the mirror one can see both her as a young pregnant girl and as a mature woman who will be soon transforming into a mother. This clearly symbolizes moments of sacrificing the image of one self, which may cause a significant loss of a sense of identity. On the left side of the mirror, there is a reflection of a young girl who is confused and worried. Her face is youthful looking, eyes round and narrow, and her pregnant body is developing rapidly. On the right side of the mirror, one can see a supernatural x-ray of the girls soul, her future, and her fate. Her face appears darkened, eyes round and hollow, and her pregnant body is twisted, as she looks older and more anxious. Pablo Picasso was born in Marlage, in the Southern Spain, on October 25, 1881.Was Pablo Picasso a famous painter? Yes, A naturally gifted draftsman, Born into an artistic family it is said that Pablo could draw before he could talk. (Mason, P.5) Picasso father was a painter and art teacher who taught and encouraged him. Picasso an attractive and unpredictable artist mastered realist early in his life, then moved to classical paintings and on to abstract painting. Impressionism was a name given to a group of artist including Picasso as he tried to evoke a scene by using quick brushstrokes. This was the breaking up of colors into bright dots. In fact, Picasso interest only included what the emotions of a painting would convey. Even though, he died on April 8, 1973, Picasso was one of few artists to be appreciated and celebrated during his lifetime. Girl before a Mirror, a masterpiece of color and design indicated Picasso was also capable of succeeding Surrealist. Surrealist included work that was inspired by dreams and imagination. The interest was realm of fantasy rather than reality. Picasso posed a golden-haired young woman, which is a portrait of his new love, the twenty-year-old Marie- Therese. She considers her reflection, a dark distorted and altogether sinister. The Byzantine richness of the patterned background and the continuous moving lines of the ovoid shapes reinforced a modern revival of the ancient; however, the exact meaning of the painting remains enigmatic. (Jacobus Wheler, P.300) Using this as my inspiration, I decided to examine the factors involved in teenage pregnancy, especially some of the psychological factors implicated in becoming pregnant at an early age. Furthermore, I will attempt to identify issues related to self-esteem, identity, and self-worth among young mothers and how these factors play a r ole in their psychological adjustments to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy is very common all over the world but, the United States have the highest pregnancy and births among adolescents. (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.153) Teenagers who reside in communities with higher rates of poverty and raised in poverty by single parents are more prone to teenage parenthood. There are also large differences among teenagers of different racial and ethnic groups. According to literature review done by Coley and Lansdale, (1998), studies show that white teens have lower rates of teenage births than Hispanics and African Americans (P.152). As more African Americans become more upwardly mobile, the rates of teenage pregnancy appear to decline. For example, in the last two decades, the rates of teenage pregnancy among African Americans have decreased, while the rates among Latino populations have increased. Pregnancy is a major life transition requiring changes, challenges, and adaptation of many kinds. According to researchers, parenthood continuous demands and responsibilities leaves little or no time for most teen concern; such as, peer relations, dating, academics and career choices. (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.155) F or instance, the image of the young girl in Girl before a Mirror expresses the psychological effect of teenage pregnancy, which is the loss of identity resulting in the consequences of developing low self-esteem. Sense of Identity Identity refers to the sense of ones self or a unique character over a period of time. A strong sense of self is dependent on early relationships, gender differences and support that allow adolescents to develop their own unique identity. The teenage years can be full of turmoil and changes that can have a detrimental affect on girls. According to the literature review done by Coley Lansdale, (1998) studies show that teenagers faced with setting and determining their sense of identity on their own while learning independence from their parents(P.155). This simply indicates that while learning to cope with changes, they must also be concerned with self-image. At this stage many teenagers try to find out: (1) who they are; (2) what they are about, their interest and personalities; and (3) where they are going, in order to discover their place in life. Negative thoughts about ones body can interfere with the development of other attributes. As one look at the young girl portrayed in th e painting, one can notice her pregnant body appearing twisted, perhaps reflecting some elements of her identity being threatened. The dramatic physical changes that happen during teenage pregnancy- such as, weight gain, breast enlargement and swollen of the body, generally makes a pregnant teen feel anything but, at home in ones body. Body image is a prime concern during adolescent years and is only part of a persons identity. In most cases the lack of physical attractiveness affects social relationships and the way one perceive oneself innermost , ones sincerity, intelligence and personality. Adolescents are also confronted with career choices, romantic entanglements and responsibilities that are new experiences in which they make decisions or adjustments to attain their own identity or success. Meanwhile, they are entering a new phase of role requirements creating a turning point of new directions for changes and adaptations; such as the plan to have a baby, pregnancy, childbirth , and care for the baby. According to researchers, earlier findings show that parenting is one of the womans key development tasks and considered to be an important part of an individual current and expected future identities. (Aro, Nurmi, Halmesmaki, 2000 P.180) In other words, because humans are essentially social beings, we are most concerned about how we fit in and measure up. Self- Esteem Low self-esteem among young mothers lead to many problems while they suffer from lack of confidence and hopelessness. Self- esteem refers to self-worth, self-respect, and how one regards or feels about one self. Simply, its ones feeling about various convictions of one self as a capable, competent person who have worth. A feeling of worth means having self-respect, which comes as a result of living up to ones own standard of values. Its how much one value oneself, how important one thinks he or she is, how one see one self and how one feel about ones accomplishments. The symptoms of low self -esteem vary for every teen. Some teens may feel constant tiredness, melancholy, sleep problems and lack of concentration. These symptoms if not noticed can lead to acute depression or various emotional and physical disorders. In fact, most teenage girls who are pregnant find it hard to face reality; that they are worthy and an important person who deserves to feel good every day in their lives a nd one of the factors which maybe keeping them from enjoying the gift of becoming a mother is their self-confidence and self-respect. Social Relationship During adolescents, relationships are very important and they need to be provided with supportive roles. According to researchers, partners may also be at risk for interpersonal problems while experiencing psychological problems connected to adolescent pregnancy. (Moore and Florsheim, 2001, P.101) This emphasizes that expectant adolescent may experience inter-personal difficulties between motherhood and their partners. The interpersonal and social functioning is important simply because parenting is fundamentally a social process. The emotional adjustment to losing a chapter in life can be difficult to make. Among young mothers who desperately want to be a mom will have to adapt to the change in their social relationship. Most parents would have to give up going to parties and dreaming about their futures. Indeed, once these opportunities are missed, they maybe gone for good. This includes having no free time to see friends. It is important to study expectant adolescent couples preci sely because their relationships appear to be at high risk for dysfunction and dissolution which indicates that many teenage mothers and their partners break right up before or shortly after giving birth. (Moore Florsheim, 2001, P.102) One of the reasons for this maybe young mothers are faced with the loss of social relationship while missing out on childhood and arduous and engaging in tedious unpleasant responsibilities of parenthood. Motherhood put tremendous demand upon the time, energy, emotions, and demands on teens, for which they are not prepared. Surely, early parent hood is a response to limited social interactions and relationships, in those who choose to have children at a relatively young age. To sum up, young adolescents continue to exhibit deficits in social relationship disturbances. Education Career Choice Early parenthood also has an effect on adolescents education. The young mothers are forced to discontinue education after birth. This significantly decreases the individual chances for obtaining a general equivalency diploma (GED). According to researchers, studies have shown that if teenage mothers stay in school, they are almost likely to graduate from high school (73%) as their non-parent peers (77%). (Coley Lansdale, P.155, 1998) However, a GED may result in a lower return of future earnings than future earnings with a high-school diploma. The young mothers who lack education are limited to a handful of career choices since jobs require at least a high-school diploma or some college experience. On the other hand, dropping out of high- school is a strong risk factor for early pregnancy and few will return back to school and possibly graduating. This problem causes a concern to the mother as well as the developing baby because of limitations of education and limitations of income. The consequences of education attainment direct a major concern of poverty. Those families with childhood poverty are likely to receive welfare funding during their life course. Overall, 53% of welfare funding is spent on families formed by teenage birth (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.153). This brings us back to the young girl who is who is more likely to face education attainment and poverty as a result of pregnancy. According to researchers, the perceived cost of early motherhood is from life experiences linked to poverty including isolation of school, unemployment and unmarried parenthood and lack of education and career opportunities. (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.153) Conclusion Teenage pregnancy is a problem that continuously occurs in the United States and other countries, despite the pregnancy reduction programs that are available. In fact, among the teenagers who become parents; also, lack knowledge of the consequences that may occur from their irresponsible sexual behavior. However, Pablo Picasso; painting Girl before a Mirror (1932) was very inspiring for me to learn more about the social, psychological, and economic factors involved in getting pregnant. Economics play an important role in teenage pregnancy and is a major concern. Mainly poor income and education leave an individual at risk of remaining in poverty. The social factors that contribute include social relationships as well as peer relationships that may be dysfunctional with the chance of ending before and after birth. In the meanwhile, studies clearly suggest that pregnancy fully requires a psychological adaptation on the physical and mental health which appears to influence the health of the developing baby. On the other hand, it is not only one factor that is responsible for the reason why many teenagers are pregnant and becoming pregnant. I believe that more research should be dedicated to what can be used to stop teenage pregnancy and information about some programs that have been tried out and examined for its effectiveness. There is also a need to encourage the use of contraceptions so that many teenagers wont contract H.I.V, A.I.D.S, and sexual transmitted diseases.

Technology and Strategy :: essays research papers

Technology Widgets.com will implement a standard IT infrastructure to support individual office locations in New Jersey, California, Texas and Colorado, and new US-based locations we plan to open up over the next 3-5 years such as Massachusetts, New York, Virgina/DC . This IT infrastructure includes both our computing and communications systems. We will look to contract with a single vendor source for each system component where possible that can support all our offices on a nationwide basis. We will also continue to use the web as our network backbone in lieu of other private network protocols, i.e T1. In some cases we will build our own intellectual property to support the IT infrastructure where we believe this creates a competitive differentiator and asset for Widgets.com. An example here is our Oracle database and CRM/PRM applications. Our IT infrastructure objectives are to increase our company asset base, operating efficiency and reduce overall operating costs. The system components and the vendors providing these components must be financially secure, provide reliable 24x7 support and be accessible from any location within the US. The system components of our IT infrastructure are described below. Hardware Platform Standards Vendor Status Category Mobile Desktops Dell Computer Green Productivity Tools Lan ? Yellow Collaboration Tools Printers/Scanners/Copiers HP Green Productivity Tools UPS Backup ? Yellow Productivity Tools Office Phone sets ? Yellow Collaboration/Sales and Marketing Tools Storage Devices ? Yellow Productivity Tools Wirelss PDAs ? Yellow Collaboration/Sales and Marketing Tools Sofware Plaform Standards Vendor Status Category Operating Enviroment Windows 2000/NT/Java/HTML Green Portal Intranets Green Collaboration Tools Word/Spreadsheet/Presentation Microsoft Office Green Productivity Tools Email/Calendar Microsoft Outlook Green Collaboration Tools Accounting NetLedger/Quicken Yellow Adminstration Tools Expense Management NetLedger Expense Yellow Adminstration Tools Project/Deliverable Management ? Red Collaboration Tools Content Manager ? Red Collaborations Tools Business Process Manager (Practice Mgt.) ? Red Collaboration Tools CRM - Client DB Oracle/Cambridge Red Sales and Marketing Tools PRM - Consultant DB Oracle/Cambridge Red Sales and Marketing Tools HRM - Employee/Payroll DB Adminstaff Yellow Adminstration Tools Green Service Providers Vendor(s) Status Category Local Phone Service ?

The Important Message in Romero :: Movie Film Essays

The Important Message in Romero [1] Can film as a medium make any sense of History? Most of the time that seems not even to be the issue. So-called â€Å"historical† movies such as Pocahontas and Glory have been attacked for straying from the recorded facts of the events they portray in an attempt to tell a more attractive story. This practice has its roots in the movie-making process. Hollywood exists to make money, do not be fooled. Movies cost millions of dollars to film, print, release, and promote. Therefore, producers have little choice but to create movies that will appeal to as many moviegoers as possible in an effort to earn back the investment. To this end, moviemakers feel the need to take liberties with plot, characterizations, and historical accuracy to create a product that will sell. Hollywood favors drama and conflict, so when an historical story lacks one of these elements, it is often simply added for the sake of appeal. This practice falls under great scrutiny by those with a serious interest in the events that these movies portray. Because the better part of American viewers expect and demand stories told with the Hollywood spin, those films that attempt to stick doggedly to the facts generally do poorly in the box-office. [2] Many historical films, however, have found success while staying true to the facts. These films oftentimes come from producers, directors, and actors with a genuine concern for the events they deal with. Spike Lee certainly had a pointed interest in the making of Malcolm X, as did Tom Hanks in making Saving Private Ryan. Hanks’ emotional tie to the movie surfaced in his speech at the podium of the Oscars this past year when he urged Americans to support our veterans and reminded us of the gift they have given to our country. Passion such as Hanks’ from within the making of the movie can provide an energy and vibrance that appeals even more than cheap Hollywood tricks. Either way, the same dangers apply, because passion usually fosters strong opinions that create biases in recounting the facts. Biographies tend to radiate greatness; war movies tend to take sides; racial movies tend to invoke sympathy. The same passion that motivates these people to make hi storical movies can also lead to a perversion of the story’s historical facts.

Criminal Activity Then and Now Essay -- Criminal Justice, Law

Criminal Activity Then and Now Criminal justice is composed of many lateral departments that help us as a society to better understand the process that is started when criminal activity is suspected. We will examine how individuals learn how to commit crime and what motivates them to do so. This paper will discuss the steps that are taken once a crime is determine and how the Criminal Justice System is put into place to help solve and come to some type of resolution for the crime. This paper will further discuss the types of deterrence that are placed into society minds to help curve criminal behavior and activity. After reading this paper the reader should have a better understanding on how the Criminal Justice System works and why it is needed help promote a safe environment for our society. In order to understand what crime is we must first look at the definition of what criminal activity is. The term crime comes from a classification of wrongdoing that were established by state or Congress as a felony or misdemeanor, which is committed against a public law. Crime is defined as all deviance involving violating norms, but some norms attract the attention of the authorities. Acts that have been declared illegal by some authority are called crime (Curry, Jiobu, & Schwirian, 1999). Crime develops from the wanting of certain things that attract or bring attention to certain individuals. A subject that is involved in breaking the law or a moral can be considered a criminal suspect according to the law. Crimes can range from violating less serious traffic code, which is basically a breach of a charter that is imposed by a city and up to the more serious things like murder. Anything that goes against the penal system of a country i... ..., 2010). Criminal Justice is composed of many lateral departments that help us define and better understand how crime can come about in our society. Crime can be learned and used to help one satisfy their personal gain and utilized to replace what is missing. Crime can be reduced by developing rules that enhance the social support that is needed to help families and the community educate them to keep their surrounding safe. By implementing custodial control and punishment can deter some crime but not eliminate it altogether. The criminal justice system is not a system that will stop crime but more of guidelines that come with committing crimes. Our society deserve to live in a safe and healthy environment and by providing policies and rules that help regulate criminal activity will ensure our society that crime will be prosecuted and carried out to the fullest.

What Is Mice? Search for Its Potential for Vietnam Tourism

Topic : WHAT IS MICE? SEARCH FOR ITS POTENTIAL FOR VIETNAM TOURISM. ***************** MICE is one of the most developing kinds of tourism, not only in the world but also in Vietnam. To many people, it is really a new conception. MICE tourism means travelling in combination with attending meetings or conferences. MICE stands for Meeting, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibition. According to travel firms, MICE tourism can bring turnover six-fold higher than other kinds of tourism as MICE delegations always consist of several hundred travelers who have big budgets and use many kinds of services.MICE is now a kind of tourism that brings great income to the tourism sector of many countries. Destinations in Singapore, Bangkok, Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur have become familiar with MICE tourists, therefore the World Tourism Organizationwants to discover a new destination in Southeast Asia such as Vietnam. As you know, Vietnam is not only famous for the friendly people, the special food, the nationa l character, the hidden charm but also a very peaceful country.So, being a peaceful country is really a strong-point of MICE tourism in Vietnam. Moreover, Vietnam is on the way of integration process. Thataâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why there are many meetings and events organized to co-operate in business, set up relation and consolidate friendship with other countries. Besides, MICE is also attractive to the Corporate Entertainment as it brings them greater income than any other kinds of events as well as helps them to advertise their brand-name to people from different countries easily.As you can see, Vietnam has many advantages to develop this kind of tourism. Therefore, MICE industry becomes new development trend in Vietnam. However, Vietnam should be more flexible with the market field of vision, concentrate on training the staffs to serve tourists in the best way. In the future, Vietnam will no longer become the best choice for MICE delegations in the world.

Mill vs kant Essay

The writings of John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant present very different ideas concerning the Ethical Problem. Mill’s ideas are referred to as Utilitarianism. In this system of thought, the basic belief is that happiness is the greatest goal and actions should be judged by their ability to provide the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. Kant, the Deontologist, believed that it is not the result of the action that is important, but the action itself. He advocated a moral rule based on reason. The basic ideas found in these philosophers’ writings lead me to see Mill’s argument as the more plausible solution to the ethical problem. He believed that morality is associated with happiness and his idea that greater happiness for the greatest number of people should be the ultimate goal appears to be a worthy ambition. This would contribute to social order and supports our accepted ideas that actions such as murder are wrong. There are two definitions included in his writing which explained his ideas more clearly to me. The first was â€Å"The Greatest Happiness Principle, which was defined as actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† ( ) Happiness is defined as â€Å" pleasure and the absence of pain†( )Based on my own experience it is plausible to believe most of us are seeking pleasure and attempting to avoid pain; if these attempts are designed to provide the most happiness to the most people, it would appear we are attempting to be moral. This also seems to be common sense, pleasure is good and pain is bad; regardless of other beliefs most people do accept this. The effects on a society, where people are attempting to provide the most pleasure for the most people, cannot be overlooked. This type of society would be more fair and peaceful since everyone must consider the needs of others equal to their own. This idea that morality of an action is based on the amount of happiness it produces for the most people can be understood and possibly studied. It appears that if sociologists or psychologists could determine what makes people happy, we might be able to design social policies that would benefit society by increasing the happiness of a larger number of people. Mill recognizes that â€Å"some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others† ( 37 text) and feels it would be ridiculous to think that pleasure should only be measured by quantity and that his pleasure principal would turn humans into unhappy irrational animals only interested in less valuable pleasure. ( text ) The deontological moral theory of Kant is very different from the Utilitarian theory of Mill, and in my opinion much more difficult to read and understand. He believes that whether or not an action is right or wrong, moral or immoral â€Å"does not depend on the consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. † (3) This was based on his belief that there was a supreme principle of morality that he referred to as the Categorical Imperative. (4) This philosophy also required that two questions be asked before any action is taken. They are:† Can I rationally will that everyone act as I purpose to act? â€Å"There is only one categorical imperative. It is: Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. † (Text) I believe he is arguing . if you don’t think everyone should take this action, you should not. â€Å"Does my action respect the goals of human beings rather than merely using them for my own purposes? (5) He also felt that the motivation for your actions determined if you were acting as a good and moral person. It is the motivation based on morality which is important not the consequences of the action. To Kant giving money to charity because it is deductable on your income tax is not a moral action; Mill would consider it moral because the happiness of some people is increased. Kant believed duty was more important than happiness and unhappiness should not affect your willingness to do your duty. The things he believed and the questions he asked were based on the idea that moral rules are based on reason. I also have difficulty accepting his idea that if two people reasoning logically they will arrive at the same conclusion, if we don’t arrive at the same conclusion who is moral? These ideas led him to create a very ridged view of morality. Things `that violate the categorical imperative are always wrong, no acceptations, and things that are good are always good. I cannot accept the idea that we become moral as the result of reasoning particularly when he indicates that at some point we stop any type of reasoning and accept absolutes. It is difficult not to realize that much of what we view as moral is the result of what we have been taught by our parents and institutions in our society. He gives no consideration to any differences in societies. When I compared the ideas of Kant and Mill, I find Mill’s work more plausible. I find Kant’s the idea that we become moral through reason very hard to accept particularly when you consider how differently societies define morality. Mill bases his ideas on the very simple idea human seek pleasure and attempt to avoid pain; therefore if your actions contribute to providing the most pleasure to the greatest number of people you are moral. Kant claimed not to be against happiness, but saw it as of much less importance than duty.

Barbarian to Humanist

Kimberly Kurata HI 30 Barbarian to Humanist Francois Rabelais wrote, Gargantua in the 16th century as a satirical short story depicting a giant named Gargantua and his transition from his barbaric ways to civilized humanistic way of living. The story takes place during the time of transition from the Medieval Era to the Renaissance. It went from a time of scholasticism and monasticism to a time of humanism and secularism. The Renaissance gave the modern world secularism, humanism and individualism.Throughout the story we see Gargantua evolve into a respectable and honorable man and Frere Jean as a monk who defies all previous views of who and what a monk is. The story of Gargantua illustrates the transition from scholasticism to humanism and in a satirical account through the lives of Gargantua and Frere Jean’s. Humanism can be defined as the cultural intellectual way of thinking that focuses on human beings exposing themselves to their own potential.This way of thinking emerg ed during the time of the Renaissance. It was the new movement to broaden an individual's narrow seeking mind. Scholasticism was the scholarship that went on in monasteries where the tradition was the study and focus on only theological issues. Before humanism rose, scholasticism was the only type of higher education. Scholasticism consisted of memorizing texts and focusing on obscure questions. Humanists criticized and completely rejected this form of living.The humanist’s core value can be summond up in one description by Leonardo DaVinci, â€Å"Luomo Universale†,the universal man is interested in everything, not one thing. Gargantua’s early life can be described as a medieval type of living. He was birthed, â€Å"As a result of that mishap, the cotyledonary veins of the womb were released from above and the child sprang through the midriff (which is situated above the shoulders where the aforesaid vena divides into two) took the left path and emerged through her left ear. [1] The way Gargantua was birthed is a metaphor to the type of world he was being born into. The old way of living was based around the Greek way of thinking. Gargantua’s birth can be paralleled to the classical reference of the birth of many Greek gods. While growing up, Gargantua was shown as a child with barbaric tendencies. His inappropriate ways and signs of pure immaturity can be exemplified when he would, â€Å"drink out of his slippers, regularly scratch his belly on wicker work baskets, cut his teeth on his clogs†¦ et off fat farts†¦ shovel the soil back into the ditch†¦ †. [2] In Gargantua’s young mind, one of his greatest achievements was figuring out the best object to wipe his bum with; stupidity, was at an all time high. Gargantua’s ways prove the simplicity and barbarism of his character. One of the main sources of Gargantua’s lack of knowledge at a young age sprouted from his first tutor, Magister Thuba l Holofernes whose intelligence, or lack of intelligence, focused around the Scholaticism movement. He taught Gargantua his ABC so well that he could recite it by heart backwards. He spent five years and three months over that. †[3] The chief concern of of the Scholastics such as Holofernes, was not to learn new facts but to it integrate the knowledge already acquired by the Greeks. This example is also connected to monasticism because Rabelais is poking fun at the fact that the monks would sit in solitude for years and just memorize the Bible’s text, a tradition that humanists completely rejected.These traditional doctrines and way of living were useless and repetitive. This skill – reciting the alphabet backwards – was a satirical swipe at scholasticism's knowledge for knowledge’s sake. Finally Gargantua’s father, Grandgousier, came to realize the lack of knowledge his son had when a young page named Eudemon embarrassed Gargantua, who was à ¢â‚¬Å"an ideal Renaissance youth, clean, healthy, skilled in Latin and at elegant speaking, but his rhetoric is more eloquent than truthful in his praise of the young giant. [4] After the young page praised Gargantua so beautifully, Gargantua’s, â€Å"behavior was merely to a blubber like a cow and hide his face in his bonnet. †[5] With that, the decision was made that Gargantua would go to France and learn the new ways of classicism. This signified not only the transition of Gargantua from medieval and scholastic ways, but all of Europe’s transition to ways of humanism. Once in Paris, Gargantua made drastic improvements in education with his new tutor Ponocrates. At first, Ponocrates decided to observe Gargantua and the activities he partook in on a normal day.Seeing Gargantua’s daily routine and how useless his old education had made him, Ponocrates realized he had no time to spare with Gargantua’s narrow-scholastic mind. Ponacrates way of teachi ng could be seen as the way he disciplined Gargantua’s mind. He made Gargantua clear his mind of anything he learned from previous tutors, and fill it with the new humanistic subjects of learning. To start off, Gargantua was awoke every morning around four am, â€Å"While he was being rubbed down, a passage of the Holy Scripture was read out to him, loud and clear†¦Gargantua would often devote himself to revering, worshipping, supplicating and adoring God in his goodness, whose majesty and marvelous judgements were revealed by the reading. †[6] This shows one of the major components of humanism, the balance between religious and secular views. Humanism was indeed against most religious traditions but it was not against God and the belief in God. Humanism was focused on the human being reaching his or her full potential in all aspects of life. Focusing on one skill or talent was cutting an individual short; being well-rounded was glorified and stressed with humanis ts.Striving to become his or her best whether it was the simple task of getting dressed in the morning. â€Å"[Gargantua] was dressed, combed, brushed, perfumed and made elegant, during which time yesterday’s lessons were gone over with him. He would recite them by heart and base on them some practical matters concerning our human condition; they might extend it to some two or three hours but normally stopped once he was fully dressed. † [7] The distinction between the two educations in Gargantua’s case are clear.Gargantua accomplished more in the first three hours of waking up in this new humanistic way of living, than he did in probably a week or two with scholasticism. Gargantua mastered subjects such as arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. â€Å"As regards to musical instruments, he learnt to play the lute, the spinet, the harp, both the traverse and the nine holed flutes, the viola and the sackbut. †[8] The arts were a huge part of the Renaissa nce, and being able to play all of those instruments is tangible evidence that his knowledge and intelligence is growing in more than one area.The second half of Gargantua’s story is brought back to his homeland. Gargantua travels back and meets a monk named Frere Jean. Frere Jean was not an ordinary monk. Monks during the Middle Ages were seen as spiritually minded men who withdrew themselves from society. Their life consisted of praying, religious exercise and works of charity. Monks were the center of scholasticism, being the only ones who could read and write. Some would isolate and withdraw themselves from society. They felt that society contained too much evil and sin to live in.Because of their isolation, when put in a situation where they needed to defend themselves, they ran away in fear. [9] Yet, when Frere Jean was put in a situation where he was captured by enemy guards and needed to escape, he faced the situation with bravery and, â€Å"struck the archer who was holding him on his right, entirely severing the sphagitid arteries in the neck – his jugular veins – together with the uvula down to the thyroid glands†¦ †[10] ———————– [1] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel. [Harmondsworth, Middlesex]: Penguin, 1955. 226. Print. [2] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (243). [3] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (251). [4] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (252). [5] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (254). [6] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (279). [7] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (279). [8] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (281). [9] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (293). [10] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (339).

Summary of Becoming Human’s Interactive Documentary

This is a documentary by Donald C. Johanson, a paleoanthropologist. It discusses about the evidences that prove where humans did originate. The story starts in Africa where our ancestors are believed to have first stood up and eventually continued to evolve and spread out across the globe.Insights of our ancestors In Johanson’s trip to Hadar Ethiopia in 1973, he made a discovery that firmly placed this geographical location as one of the most significant hominoid fossil sites in the world.He discovered bones of a hominid, which they called Lucy. Johanson called her Lucy because when her fossils were being examined, the song â€Å"Lucy† of the Beatles was playing on the background. He suspected it to be a female because of the skeleton’s petite stature. This discovery opened a major opportunity for the study of human origin. Kaye Reed, a paleoecologist, said that Hadar Ethiopia was a place full of trees three million years ago so it was a good place for animals to live in, more importantly there was enough food for hominids to eat.In line with this, the long arms of Lucy helped her to climb trees and get away from these predators and survive. There were also fossils in Saddaman, which were probably Lucy’s species, whose foot prints proved them to be hominids for they are bipedal. The brain size and body size of the fossils also prove that they are hominids. The Homo neanderthalensis are closely related to Homo sapiens, the genus for modern humans.One paleoanthropologist thinks that Homo sapiens succeeded to survive and Neanderthals went on being extinct without contributing to the modern human gene but another one thinks that modern humans have Neanderthal genes. The culture of man’s ancestors can be seen in Australia where human expression is visible through writings. It was also conducive for aboriginal artists to paint on. Reference: Institute of Human Origin (2008). Becoming Human. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http://www. b ecominghuman. org/node/interactive-docume

Types of Criminal Practice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Types of Criminal Practice - Term Paper Example Violent crime includes robbery, homicide, serial violent crime, assault, and rape. It is named violent as it is conducted by the use of arms, weapons, and force. Some of them have profit as a motive while others involve revenge or fulfillment of a psychological drive. Another commonality to violent crimes is that they include various events and have the potential to leave physical evidence. (Peterson, 1994, p. 89) However, the leftovers of physical evidence are not necessary. Â   Â   Â   Â  Violent crimes may result in lengthy investigations if the assailant is unknown. The investigative process includes gathering, evaluating, and analyzing data and arriving at additional leads or hypothetical conclusions regarding the assailant. Evidentiary documents beyond the crime scene may also be gathered to provide background information on the victim or the alleged perpetrator. These, when analyzed, can provide insights into the persons involved in the crime which may speed the investigative process. Â   Â   Â   Â   Violent crime investigation is often the responsibility of the major crimes section of a police or prosecutor’s office. Investigators or detectives from municipal to federal agencies may be involved in the investigation of violent crime. Violent crime is not limited to be prosecuted at the municipal or county level because of the factors that it upholds can cause the case to be assigned to a multi-jurisdictional task force. Among them is the location of the crime, the potential of the crime to be part of a series of similar crimes committed by the same perpetrators, or the crime’s connection to offenses prosecutable in a different jurisdiction or at a different level of government. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  Detectives or investigators assigned to violent crime units respond to specific reports of crime which are generated by the victim or witnesses and may be lodged through a patrol officer who has gathered data from the scene of the crime or has made the location of the crime secure while awaiting the arrival of investigators and physical evidence technicians.

Land and valuation of land with various land investments Research Paper

Land and valuation of land with various land investments - Research Paper Example This essay analyzes that unlike other investments, land investment is fixed in quantity and immobile. Its value, however, keeps on appreciating, this makes land one of the major and vital investment projects of all times. The risks involved in land investment are also very minimal, this is because, when one invests in the land he is sure that its value will keep on appreciating over a given duration, thus leaving no room for selling it below the investment price. This is contrary to other investments which might depreciate in value with time.Land investment is very advantageous in the sense that, it historically keeps on appreciating in value. There are fewer risks involved in the land investment. In addition to being an investment project, the land is also a factor of production, which means that investing in land may end up giving double returns, that of its value plus the proceeds from production, say if used for Agricultural purposes. Property appreciation; talking about property appreciation, this refers to increase in the value of a property with time, a good example is that of land. Due to increase in demand each day, some properties for example land will continue appreciating in value because population keeps on increasing and its supply remains fixed. Equity refers to the residual claim on an investment. The land has the equity in that, after investment on land, when one wants to sell off his property, he will sell land at a higher price than the initial investment price. The land is, therefore, the best equity investment.  ... Mostly, they are knowledgeable in finance, money matters including banking, stocks and commodities, investments and economics. INTRODUCTION People have always been passionate about acquisition of land for ranching, farming, hunting, fishing, recreating, commercial-agricultural, and for land to develop into a higher use. Lands are very precious from time immemorial and that is why there have been laws, which govern land issues right from the start of civilization. The meaning of land is not only derived on the face value, but by what it contains and encompasses and this is why different lands attract different prices when being valued. There are also areas with vast lands, which just lie idle yet they are owned by people. In the day-to-day life, almost everyone comes into play with some of the land rules governing the ownership, use or occupation of land. To begin, every person lives somewhere on a parcel of land. And many humans owe their existence, livelihood or employment, directly or indirectly, to something that was produced from land. This clearly shows that we cannot live without land. Some people live on leasehold homes while others on freehold properties. Not many will understand the term freehold and leasehold. It is therefore very important for each person to understand and appreciate what he or she owns or occupies. Individuals who rent homes on a weekly or monthly basis need to understand to what extent they can act or do things with the rented property and what they cannot do. The same principle applies to people living with their parents or on properties owned and managed by their partners. They need this knowledge so as to understand the rights they have, if any exists, and

The Black Arts Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Black Arts Movement - Essay Example Rising of the Moon, To Kill a Mockingbird, Ice Age and Jazz are examples of modern protest literature, which vehemently protest against social injustices, ethnic biased ness and gender discrimination. Thus, protest literature aims to shield and proclaim the human rights bestowed upon man from Almighty God without discrimination. The violation of human rights on biased grounds is emphatically condemned by the protest writers, dramatists and poets. The literature, protecting the rights of African Americans and highlighting their miseries, while living with the White majority in USA, is also considered as a form of protest literature. A piece of art or literature, claiming the additional rights and favors for any group of society, cannot be claimed as the protest form of expression, because it does not fulfill the prescribed criteria. It is therefore, one school of thought does not consider the writings of the African Americans as the true form of protest literature. Larry Neal, America n writer and editor, does not believe such substance as conforming to the criteria of protest literature in a comprehensive way and in its true spirit as well. Neals definition in the Notron Anthology states that Black Arts Aesthetic in not equal to protest literature because protest literature appeals to the white culture elite. As such, it envisions an art that speaks directly to the needs and aspirations of Black America. Protest literature cannot be judged on the basis or disliking of one single community. On the contrary.

Lsweek4rem3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lsweek4rem3 - Essay Example The arguments put by Kilduff and Mehra (1997) are based on earlier discussions by Rosenau (1992). However they also mention the idea of that postmodernism can be thought of as one of the great 20th century challenges, an idea put forward by Wisdom ( 1987) This particular argument is not only about research in social sciences, but also within areas such as physics (Farney, 1994;) as cited in 1997 by Kilduff and Mehra. Alvensson and Skoldberg (1995) point out that critically evaluating a variety of issues will provide insight for reflective ways to investigate social sciences. The authors focus on the way in which issues are described and articulated which appears to ensue from using the expressions postmodernism and modernism. Their discussion is concerned with the use of postmodernism as being a means used by researchers when they wish to put forward a totally new image. Going back to Kilduff and Mehra (1997), they discuss postmodernism concepts as being linked with the process of knowledge creation. This they do by discussing the writing of Giroux (1992) who stated that within postmodern research the aims are to challenge the makeup and shape of prevailing patterns of knowledge as well as how to create new types of knowledge. This., it is suggested, happens when disciplinary boundaries are broken down and when those who are relatively unrepresented are given their voice. I find myself agreeing with postmodernism. concepts when it comes to knowledge creation. There needs to be a focus upon two things – the way in which postmodernism presents a challenge to older models of knowledge as well as the production of new knowledge. In the work situation there needs to be a challenging of the already existing body of knowledge while at the same time ensuring that new knowledge is being produced. This means that postmodernism can be a successful conce pt when it comes to the creation of new bodies of knowledge. How has

Corporate Responsibility & Governance Assignment - 1

Corporate Responsibility & Governance - Assignment Example Wealth creation is not the sole objective that firms should pursue rather they are obliged to other goals that are aimed at ensuring the enterprise gives back to the society that has been supporting it through its journey to success (Aras, & Crowther, 2012). Corporate governance, on the other hand, is the mechanisms that stakeholders of a business utilise to conduct internal control of the affairs of the organisation so as to ensure their interests are well safeguarded. Corporate governance is frequently premised by two circumstances the first one if through the agency problem or rather a conflict of interests between various parties that necessitated for an oversight role to be implemented by the stakeholders. Additionally, if the transaction costs are too high or rather are in such a manner that the agency problem cannot be adequately solved then corporate governance will be necessary to safeguard the interests of the company’s stakeholders (Simpson and Taylor, 2013). Coca Cola is a global organisation that conducts its operations in numerous countries across the world. For the purpose of this report, we are going to focus on the Coca Cola International in India on how it conducts its corporate governance. Since it is an international organisation Coca-Cola implements a rather similar corporate governance mechanism for all its affiliate companies in all countries with slight modifications to fit the regulatory requirements for the individual nations where the company is conducting its operations. The company has governance codes that guide them in the presentation of their corporate report. The code addresses a number of issues that are going to be elaborated as follows. To begin with corporate governance is all about internal control; that duty is bestowed on the directors of the company. The corporate governance code of Coca-Cola addresses the roles and duties of

Marks and Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marks and Spencer - Essay Example Its strategies in UK revolved around a) supply management b) brand power c) customer orientation and d) empowerment of employees. As it moved into the 90s, M&S needed to overcome the challenges identified above (Montgomery, 1994, HBS Case study # 9-391-089). Tools Value chain concept: The case highlights M&S emphasis on ‘value chain’ concept as a strategy for economizing on operations, maintaining long-term supplier/buyer relations and for quality control. Popularized by Porter as a competitive advantage tool, value chain concept dovetails the different operations of a buyer and his supplier(s) in order to achieve maximum efficiencies for cost control for both parties (Porter, 2004, Ch.2, pp.33-61 & 107). Using this strategy, M&S attained a strong reputation and position in UK market, where its net profit (your last name) 2 margin was around 10 to 11% in the 80s. In contrast, its overseas operations yielded just around 6% net profit due to external factors like tariffs a nd local competition. Differentiation: The case highlights the differences between the French, Canadian and UK markets. France is a high margin market and although the few customers who accessed M&S products are well satisfied, many others, especially the younger generation, preferred other brands.

How the World Trade Organization (WTO) Impacts Intellectual Property Essay

How the World Trade Organization (WTO) Impacts Intellectual Property Rights - Essay Example Finally, economics affects the governments by determining a nation’s financial resources needed in the sustenance of the country’s requirements. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body charged with the responsibility of regulating trade between the different countries engaged in trading activities. For example, the WTO standardizes trading policies by finding a common ground between the different domestic policies in existent, in the different nations (Kroll, 1999). Intellectual property rights are a crucial issue of contention between countries engaged in trading activities on an international level (Kroll, 1999). This is because of the differences in policies regarding the ownership and transference of this right from one person to another. The WTO continues to resolve disputes arising with regard to intellectual property rights by providing a standardized set of rules used in the judgment of these cases (Kroll, 1999). †¢Compare and contrast f ree trade and protectionist theories Free trade is a product of capitalism which replaced the once popular mercantilism (Craig, 1994). Through the recognition of individual rights to own and dispose of property, capitalism thrived. Capitalism allows for privatization of wealth and the subsequent reduction of restrictions on trade thus free trade (Craig, 1994). Free trade is an economic provision for exchange of goods and services without the intervention of the government especially in view of foreign trade. In this scenario, the traders utilize the principle of comparative advantage meaning both parties benefit from the trade interactions (Craig, 1994). Matters of guiding policies dictate that free trade ought to rely on supply and demand which governs the prices and availability of the goods and services (Craig, 1994). However, comparative advantage, demand and supply do not guarantee fair trade. Nonetheless, free trade is a charitable foundation on which competitive markets thriv e. It is easy for states and individuals to accumulate wealth and gunner profits from exporting and importing when they practice free trade (Craig, 1994). Protectionist theorists, on the other hand, criticize capitalism and the principle of free trade. Like mercantilism, protectionist theories hold that the government’s control on the importation, exportation and other forms of foreign trade is imperative and extremely beneficial to the nation and individuals (Craig, 1994). Through policies such as tariffs, import quotas export subsidies and exchange rates; the government controls the processes of importation and exportation. Some states even impose embargoes on individuals and firms (Craig, 1994). These protectionist principles have one significant benefit. They favor domestic trade through increased domestic demand and expansion of domestic industries. Elements of protectionism also protect a state against predatory pricing and may subsequently lower the chances of inflatio n in an economy (Craig, 1994). In view of international trade, firms, individuals and governments prefer the distributional effect to the aggregate effect of a policy or strategy (Craig, 1994). When it comes to free trade, the result will be a net gain. On the other hand, restricted trade encompasses net loss. Therefore, most economies prefer designer strategies to a strictly outlined one. Free trade is the â€Å"

Assignment5 economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment5 economics - Essay Example The third step is to cut back the business hours. The business ethics component of this move is that if one is in the business of pharmaceuticals and health care, one risks the chance of causing damage to patients who will need your services by cutting back on the business hours. The fourth step is to close one's business for a week or two to actually take a vacation. The business ethics aspect of this decision is that if one has a pharmaceutical or health care business, one risks the possibility of causing inconvenience to one's clients. The fifth step is to bring in a family member to split the current "job load. The ethical consideration of this move is that one has to ensure that his/her relatives or siblings must do business observing fairness, honesty, transparency and accountability to government laws. Zambia is landlocked and has a low population composed of 70 ethnic groups, many of them Bantu-speaking. The country boasts of spectacular scenery spanning the Victoria Falls along the Zambezi river, the Bangweulu Swamps and the Luangwa river valley. Millions of Zambians live below the World Bank poverty threshold of $1 a day. Zambia currently receives and provides shelter for tens of thousands of refugees who have fled fighting in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (World Factbook 2008). The World Bank Poverty Assessment Report (2007) has identified these areas of economic concern afflicting Zambia consisting of the high level of international debt, deterioration in the international price of copper, macro instability, the collapse of major manufacturing industries, the scourge of HIVIAIDS, and acute governance and policy failures.Zambia has been one of most heavily indebted developing countries. However, the government has done serious efforts to pare down its international debt st ock. Zambia obtained a total of 6.6 billion dollars of debt relief in 2005. (Scotland Aid Agency, 2008). If the Debt to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio is 133%, this means that Zambia is paying millions on debt interest only. This is money that could be used to fund social programs or provide employment programs. Therefore, the unemployment rate is also adversely affected because the government doesn't have sufficient funds to begin or maintain such social programs. The unemployment and underemployment levels are very high. This means that many head of the families are out of work. Many families are hungry and in deep need of aid in social services such as health and education.The country has to contend with an expensive disease which has no long term cure. The high rate of HIV/AIDs incidence also means that the country will need international assistance from the World Health Organization to combat this scourge. In 20013, HIVIAIDS prevalence was estimated at 18 percent for women and 13 percent for men, and Zambia was entering its third decade of double-digit HIVIAIDS prevalence. The country does not have the financial resources to finance health services and medicines to combat HIV/AIDS. The low growth of the GDP is the result of weak government policies, poor business environment, lower foreign and local investments resulting in fewer businesses and fewer jobs available in the market. The literacy rate of Zambia is relatively low (65%)